Living Silence in Burma (55 page)

9
‘Minister says opposition trying to “divide the monks”’, BBC Radio (translated from a Burmese-language Radio Myanmar broadcast), 29 September 1996.

10
‘Senior monk appeals to Burmese Ruling Council, opposition to hold peace talks’, BBC Radio, 4 November 2000. Note: this is a translation of the DVB’s Burmese-language broadcast on the subject on 2 November 1999.

11
See Min Zin, ‘Taking the lead: the need for a peace movement in Burma’,
The Irrawaddy
, February 2000, pp. 14–15.

12
See ‘Religious persecution’,
Chin Human Rights Organization
(India: February 1997).

13
Images Asia,
Report on the Situation for Muslims in Burma
(Thailand: May
1997
), Appendix. Such pamphlets were also reportedly distributed by local authorities in several towns in Shan State in June 1996 and led to attacks on Muslim shops in Kalaw. Communication, June 1996.

14
US State Department,
International Religious Freedom Report 2007
,
www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90131.htm
, September 2007.

15
See Images Asia and BurmaNet,
Nowhere to Go: A Report on the 1997 SLORC Offensive against Duplaya District (KNU Sixth Brigade) Karen State, Burma
(Thailand: April
1997
), pp. 8–17.

16
Ibid., p. 11.

17
Marwaan Macan-Markar, ‘Ban on marriages, another yoke on Rohingya Muslims’, Inter Press Service, 6 December 2005.

18
See Houtman,
Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics
, ch. 5, for what he calls the regime’s ‘myanmafication’ project.

19
Communication from a border source who received the information from Rangoon, April 1999.

20
See Aung Zaw, ‘Shwedagon and the generals’,
The Irrawadd
y, May 1999.

21
‘Burmese dead are obstacle to modernization’, Reuters, 3 February 1997.

22
Maung Hmat Gyauk,
Kyemon
(Rangoon), June
1998
(note: my copy of the article is undated).

13 The internationalization of Burma’s politics

1
Desmond Ball,
Burma’s Military Secrets: Signals Intelligence from the Second World War to Civil War and Cyber Warfare
(Bangkok: White Lotus Press,
1998
), pp. 219–29.

2
Ibid., p. 219; Anthony Davis, ‘Burma casts wary eye on China’,
Jane’s Intelligence Review
, 1 June 1999.

3
Ball,
Burma’s Military Secrets
, p. 224.

4
Dermot Tatlow, ‘China’s shadow’,
Asiaweek
, 28 May 1999.

5
Ibid.

6
Ryan Clarke and Sangeet Dalliwall, ‘Sino-Indian competition for Burmese oil and natural gas’,
Harvard International Review
, 4 September 2008.

7
‘Myanmar told to curb the drug trade’,
International Herald Tribune
, 15 February 2006.

8
Ibid.

9
Anuj Chopra, ‘Why India is selling weapons to Burma’,
Christian Science Monitor
, 23 July 2007; Martin Smith,
Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
(London: Zed Books,
1999
), p. 252.

10
William Boot, ‘India’s support for Burmese junta pays off’,
The Irrawaddy
, 24 September 2008.

11
David Brunnstrom, ‘Myanmar embassy gunmen villains then heroes’, Reuters, 3 October 1999.

12
See ‘Irate villagers threaten protest over stoppage of work on Moei river bridge’,
The Nation
, 13 June 1995; Yindee Lertcharoenchok, ‘One bridge, two different views’,
The Nation
, 15 August 1997.

13
‘US condemns Burma for role in camp attacks’,
The Nation
, 1 February 1997; Yindee Lertcharoenchok, ‘Karen refugees under threat of further attacks from Burma’,
The Nation
, 6 February 1997.

14
‘Burma refuses to retract from gas exploration in Bay of Bengal’,
Mizzima News
, 7 November 2008.

15
Jon Ungphakorn, ‘Asian states run out of patience with Myanmar’,
Taipei Times
, 11 October 2005.

16
See chs 6–9 in E. Stover et al. (eds),
Gathering Storm: Infectious Diseases and Human Rights in Burma
(Berkeley: Human Rights Center University of California, July
2007
).

17
William Ashton, ‘Burma receives advances from its silent suitors in Singapore’,
Jane’s Intelligence Review
, 1 March 1998.

18
Tony Hotland, ‘President SBY tells Myanmar junta to open up’,
Jakarta Post
, March 2006.

19
‘EU firm on Burmese stand at ASEAN meet’,
The Nation
, 27 May 1999.

20
Kavi Chongkittavorn, ‘ASEAN needs “flexible engagement”’,
The Nation
, 20 July 1998.

21
‘Siazon calls for open dialogue in Myanmar’,
Straits Times
, 26 July 1998.

22
Paul Eckert, ‘ASEAN voices “revulsion” at Myanmar violence’, Reuters, 27 September 2007.

23
These articles were compiled into a volume: Aung San Suu Kyi,
Letters from Burma
(London: Penguin Books,
1997
).

24
Clifford McCoy, ‘Rogues of the world unite’,
Asia Times Online
, 28 April 2007.

25
Norman Robespierre, ‘Nuclear bond for North Korea and Myanmar’,
Asia Times Online
, 4 October 2008.

26
William Ashton, ‘Myanmar’s military links with Pakistan’,
Jane’s Intelligence Review
, 1 June 2000.

27
US funding for such programmes came to just under $13 million in 2007.

28
Terry Macalister, ‘Premier Oil gets out of Burma’,
Guardian
, 17 September 2002.

29
In the United States, two lawsuits were filed against Unocal for the company’s investment in the Yadana pipeline. The federal judge found that the evidence suggested Unocal knew the
tatmadaw
was using forced labour on the project and was benefiting from this practice. Ultimately, Unocal was ordered to pay compensation to the plaintiffs, who had suffered not only forced labour but also forced relocation and other abuses.

30
‘Yangon to the UN: thanks, but …’,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, 25 December 1998.

31
Joshua Kurlantzick, ‘China, Burma, and Sudan: convincing argument’,
New Republic Online
, 11 May 2006.

32
R. Jeffrey Smith, ‘Burma’s image problem is a moneymaker for US lobbyists’,
Washington Post
, 24 February 1998.

33
See Christina Fink, ‘Visit Myanmar Year: tourism in Burma’, in Jill Forshee, with Sandra Cate and Christina Fink (eds),
Converging Interests: Traders, Travelers, and Tourists in Southeast Asia
(Berkeley: International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley,
1999
).

34
For two different perspectives, see: The Burma Campaign UK,
Pro-Aid, Pro-Sanctions, Pro-Engagement: A Position Paper on Humanitarian Aid to Burma
(London: July 2006) and International Crisis Group,
Burma/Myanmar after Nargis: Time to Normalize Aid Relations
(Brussels: October 2008).

35
‘Cash for USDA members participating in Household Expenditure Survey’,
New Light of Myanmar
, 30 March 1996.

36
Guideline for systematic and effective plan to implement development activities with the cooperation of UN, NGOs, INGOs and international organizations (unofficial translation), cited in the Burma Campaign UK,
Pro Aid
, p. 8.

37
‘Prevented from working – the French section of MSF leaves Myanmar (Burma)’,
Médecins Sans Frontières
, 30 March 2006.

38
Thomas Crampton, ‘Burma’s debt is pushing economy to the brink – the World Bank warns’,
International Herald Tribune
, 15 November 1999.

14 Conclusion

1
See, for instance, James Barber,
South Africa in the Twentieth Century: A Political History – in Search of a Nation State
(Oxford: Blackwell,
1999
).

2
See Mark R. Thompson,
The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
1995
).

3
Aung San, ‘Burma and Buddhism’,
The World of Books
, vol. XXI (April 1935); reprinted in Mya Han,
General Aung San’s Literary Handiwork
(Rangoon: University Historical Research Department,
1998
), pp. 61–2.

4
Min Zin, ‘Spiritual revolution’,
The Irrawaddy
, vol. 7, no. 2 (February 1999), p. 18.

Bibliography

Note
: There are no surnames in Burmese, so I have listed Burmese names alphabetically according to the first letter of the first word of their names. Some authors have used ‘U’ in front of their names in their publications. In such cases, I have listed them under U.

Books and academic articles

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— (1998)
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Allott, Anna J. (1994)
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Aung San Suu Kyi (1991)
Freedom from Fear and Other Writings
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Aung-Thwin, Michael (1985)
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Ball, Desmond (1998)
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Barber, James (1999)
South Africa in the Twentieth Century: A Political History – In Search of a Nation State
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Beyrer, Chris (1998)
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Burma Center Netherlands and Transnational Institute (eds) (1999)
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Cady, John F. (1958)
A History of Modern Burma
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— (1976)
The United States and Burma
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Callahan, Mary (2003)
Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma
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— (2007)
Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation and Coexistence
(Washington, DC: East West Center).

Carey, Peter (ed.) (1997)
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Clements, Alan and Leslie Kean (1994)
Burma’s Revolution of the Spirit: The Struggle for Democratic Freedom and Dignity
(Bangkok: White Orchid Press).

Donkers, Jan and Minka Nijhuis (eds) (1996)
Burma behind the Mask
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Fink, Christina (1999) ‘Visit Myanmar Year: tourism in Burma’, in Jill Forshee, with Sandra Cate and Christina Fink (eds),
Converging Interests: Traders, Travelers, and Tourists in Southeast Asia
(Berkeley, CA: International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley), pp. 85–107.

— (2008) ‘Ongoing militarization in Burma’s ethnic states’,
Contemporary Politics
, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 447–62.

Furnivall, J. S. (1956)
Colonial Policy and Practice
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Living in Truth
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Heidel, Brian (2006)
The Growth of Civil Society in Myanmar
(Bangalore: Books for Change).

Houtman, Gustaaf (1999)
Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy
, Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series no. 33 (Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies).

Kin Oung (1996)
Who Killed Aung San?
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Koenig, William J. (1990)
The Burmese Polity, 1782–1819: Politics, Administration and Social Organization in the Early Konbaung Period
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Papers on Southeast Asia).