Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (125 page)
Read Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols Online
Authors: Kate Raphael
Tags: #Arts & Photography, #Architecture, #Buildings, #History, #Middle East, #Egypt, #Politics & Social Sciences, #Social Sciences, #Human Geography, #Building Types & Styles, #World, #Medieval, #Humanities
102 Ibid., 216.
103 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 72–3.
104
Quran
, Sura 2:262–3. Text, translation and commentary by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Cambridge, MA, 1946), vol. 2.
105 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 92.
106 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 87. From first line to third line see
Quran
, sura II: 262.
107 Amitai, “Ayyubid Inscriptions,” 114, n. 9.
108 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 95.
109
Quran
, Sura 48:1–3, vol. 2.
110 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), vol. 2, 260. This title is on the whole quite rare in inscriptions. It appears in an inscription from Bayt Hanūn dated 1239. Sharon, M.,
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae
(Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), vol. 2, 99. During the early Mamluk period the rank of the amir
Isfahsalar
was probably equal to that of the amir
tablkhānā
. Humphreys, “Mamluk Army,” 147–82. See especially p. 174.
111 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 99.
112 This could mean command or governorship –
walaya,.
113 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 101.
114 Cytryn-Silverman, K.,
The Road Inns (Khāns) of Bilad al-Shām during the Mamluk Period (1260–1516): An Architectural and Historical Study
, PhD Diss, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2004, 24–5. Unpublished
115 Ibn Khallikān,
Wafayāt al-A‘yān
(Beirut, 1988), vol. 3, 494; Littman, E., “Aybak,”
EI
2
1:780.
116 This corresponds to the dismissal of
al-Dīn Usāma, the first governor of
, by al
as mentioned earlier in this chapter.
117 According to Ayalon the word
khādim
indicates that the person referred to was a eunuch. Ayalon, D.,
Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relations
(Jerusalem, 1999), 200–84.
118 Ayalon,
Eunuchs
, 176, 179.
119 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 82. The last half of the fifth row can hardly be read as the letters are not legible.
120 Husām al-Dīn Lu’lu’ appears in inscriptions 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8, from which I cite only four. Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 72–102.
121 An
amir kabir
in the Ayyubid period could be simply a senior officer. Humphreys, R. S., “The mergence of the Mamluk Army,”
SI
45 (1977): 86–9; Ayalon, D., “ Studies in the structure of the Mamluk army – III,”
BSOAS
16 (1954): 81–2. Later in the Mamluk period it was given to amirs of the rank of 100 (i.e. who had a permanent force of 100 Mamluk horsemen, and commanded 1000 men in the battlefield). Humphreys, R. S., “The emergence of the Mamluk army (conclusion),”
SI
46 (1977): 175–7.
122 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 116–117.
123 Ayalon,
Eunuchs
, 294; Ayalon, D., “The eunuchs in the Mamluk sultanate,” in
The Mamluk Military Society
(London, Variorum, 1979), III, 279.
124 Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 106.
125 Irwin, R.,
The iddle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382
(London, 1986), 39.
126 Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 2, pt. 2, 86.
127 Ellenblum, “
,” 10, 3–112.
128 Amitai, “Ayyubid inscriptions,” 114–15.
129 Amitai, “Ayyubid inscriptions,” 114.
130 Al-Malik al-Sa‘īd Fakhr al-Dīn
was later offered an
in Egypt by the sultan
Ayyūb and therefore left Banias. Humphreys,
Saladin
, 223, 290, 292.
131 Amitai, “Ayyubid inscriptions,” 114–15.
132 Hartal,
, 93; Amitai, “Ayyubid inscriptions,” 118–19.
133 Wiet, G., “Les inscriptions de la
Guindi,”
Syria
3 (1922), 62–3.