On China (78 page)

38
Fang and his wife would ultimately depart China for the U.K. on an American military transport plane. They subsequently relocated to the United States, where Fang became a professor of physics at the University of Arizona.

39
Richard Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993), 304 (quoting
Zheng Ming
, Hong Kong, May 1, 1990).

40
“Deng Initiates New Policy ‘Guiding Principle,’” FBIS-CHI-91-215; see also United States Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Military Power of the People’s Republic of China: A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act Fiscal Year 2000” (2007), 7,
http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/070523-china-military-powerfinal.pdf
.

41
“Deng Initiates New Policy ‘Guiding Principle,’” FBIS-CHI-91-215.

1
Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 334.

2
“Excerpts from Talks Given in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai: January 18–February 21, 1992,”
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,
vol. 3, trans., The Bureau for the Compilation and Translation of Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin Under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994), 359.

3
Ibid., 360.

4
Ibid., 361.

5
Ibid., 362–63.

6
Ibid, 364–65.

7
Ibid., 366.

8
David M. Lampton,
Same Bed, Different Dreams
:
Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), xi.

9
“Excerpts from Talks Given in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai: January 18—February 21, 1992,”
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,
vol. 3, 370.

10
Ibid., 369.

1
See David M. Lampton,
Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 293, 308.

2
State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, “China: Aftermath of the Crisis” (July 27, 1989), 17, in Jeffrey T. Richardson and Michael L. Evans, eds., “Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History,” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book no. 16 (June 1, 1999), Document 36.

3
Steven Mufson, “China’s Economic ‘Boss’: Zhu Rongji to Take Over as Premier,”
Washington Post
(March 5, 1998), A1.

4
September 14, 1992, statement, as quoted in A. M. Rosenthal, “On My Mind: Here We Go Again,”
New York Times
(April 9, 1993); on divergent Chinese and Western interpretations of this statement, see also Lampton,
Same Bed, Different Dreams,
32.

5
“Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World,” President Clinton Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York City, September 27, 1993, from
Department of State Dispatch
4, no. 39 (September 27, 1993).

6
Robert Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000
(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2003), 161.

7
Deng Xiaoping had given a speech in November 1989 calling on China to “Adhere to Socialism and Prevent Peaceful Evolution toward Capitalism.” Mao had warned repeatedly against “peaceful evolution” as well. See “Mao Zedong and Dulles’s ‘Peaceful Evolution’ Strategy: Revelations from Bo Yibo’s Memoirs,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
6/7 (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Winter 1996/1997), 228.

8
Reflecting this fact, “Most Favored Nation” has since been technically renamed “Permanent Normal Trade Relations,” although the “MFN” label remains in use.

9
Anthony Lake, “From Containment to Enlargement,” address at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D.C., September 21, 1993, from
Department of State Dispatch
4, no. 39 (September 27, 1993).

10
Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen,
165.

11
William J. Clinton, “Statement on Most-Favored-Nation Trade Status for China” (May 28, 1993),
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), book 1, 770–71.

12
Ibid., 770–72.

13
Lake, “From Containment to Enlargement.”

14
Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen,
168–71.

15
Warren Christopher,
Chances of a Lifetime
(New York: Scribner, 2001), 237.

16
Ibid.

17
Ibid., 238.

18
Ibid., 238–39.

19
See, for example, Deng Xiaoping, “An Idea for the Peaceful Reunification of the Chinese Mainland and Taiwan: June 26, 1983,”
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,
vol. 3, 40–42.

20
John W. Garver,
Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan’s Democratization
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), 15; James Carman, “Lee Teng-Hui: A Man of the Country,”
Cornell Magazine
(June 1995), accessed at
http://www.news.cornell.edu/campus/Lee/Cornell_Magazine_Profile.html
.

21
Lampton,
Same Bed, Different Dreams,
101.

22
William J. Clinton, “Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters Following Discussions with President Jiang Zemin of China in Seattle: November 19, 1993,”
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), 2022–25.

23
Garver,
Face Off,
92–97; Robert Suettinger, “U.S. ‘Management’ of Three Taiwan Strait ‘Crises,’” in Michael D. Swaine and Zhang Tuosheng with Danielle F. S. Cohen, eds.,
Managing Sino-American Crises: Case Studies and Analysis
(Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), 278.

24
Madeleine Albright,
Madam Secretary
(New York: Hyperion, 2003), 546.

25
Robert Lawrence Kuhn,
The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin
(New York: Crown Publishers, 2004), 2.

26
Albright,
Madam Secretary,
531.

27
Christopher Marsh,
Unparalleled Reforms
(New York: Lexington, 2005), 72.

28
Barry Naughton,
The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007), 142–43.

29
Michael P. Riccards,
The Presidency and the Middle Kingdom: China, the United States, and Executive Leadership
(New York: Lexington Books, 2000), 12.

30
Lampton,
Same Bed, Different Dreams,
Appendix A, 379–80.

31
Zhu Rongji, “Speech and Q&A at the Advanced Seminar on China’s Economic Development in the Twenty-first Century” (September 22, 1997), in
Zhu Rongji’s Answers to Journalists’ Questions
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) (forthcoming), Chapter 5.

1
Richard Daniel Ewing, “Hu Jintao: The Making of a Chinese General Secretary,”
China Quarterly
173 (March 2003): 19.

2
Ibid., 21–22.

3
Xiaokang
, now a widely used official policy term, is a 2,500-year-old Confucian phrase suggesting a moderately well-off population with a modest amount of disposable income. See “Confucius and the Party Line,”
The Economist
(May 22, 2003); “Confucius Makes a Comeback,”
The Economist
(May 17, 2007).

4
“Rectification of Statues,”
The Economist
(January 20, 2011).

5
George W. Bush, “Remarks Following Discussions with Premier Wen Jiabao and an Exchange with Reporters: December 9, 2003,”
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2006), 1701.

6
David Barboza, “Chinese Leader Fields Executives’ Questions,”
New York Times
(September 22, 2010).

7
Cui Changfa and Xu Mingshan, eds.,
Gaoceng Jiangtan
[
Top-leaders’ Rostrums
] (Beijing: Hongqi Chubanshe, 2007), 165–82, as cited in Masuda Masayuki, “China’s Search for a New Foreign Policy Frontier: Concept and Practice of ‘Harmonious World,’” 62, in Masafumi Iida, ed.,
China’s Shift: Global Strategy of the Rising Power
(Tokyo: NIDS Joint Research Series, 2009).

8
Wen Jiabao, “A Number of Issues Regarding the Historic Tasks in the Initial Stage of Socialism and China’s Foreign Policy,”
Xinhua
(February 26, 2007), as cited in Masuda, “China’s Search for a New Foreign Policy Frontier: Concept and Practice of ‘Harmonious World,’” 62–63.

9
David Shambaugh, “Coping with a Conflicted China,”
The Washington Quarterly
34, no. 1 (Winter 2011): 8.

10
Zheng Bijian, “China’s ‘Peaceful Rise’ to Great-Power Status,”
Foreign Affairs
84, no. 5 (September/October 2005): 22.

11
Hu Jintao, “Build Towards a Harmonious World of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity,” speech at the United Nations Summit (New York, September 15, 2005).

12
The number eight is regarded as auspicious in Chinese numerology. It is a near homonym for the word “to prosper” in some Chinese dialects.

13
Nathan Gardels, “Post-Olympic Powershift: The Return of the Middle Kingdom in a Post-American World,”
New Perspectives Quarterly
25, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 7–8.

14
“Di shi yi ci zhuwaishi jie huiyi zhao kai, Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao jianghua” [“Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao speak at the 11th meeting of overseas envoys”], website of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, accessed at
http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2009-07/20/content_1370171.html
.

15
Wang Xiaodong, “Gai you xifang zhengshi zhongguo ‘bu gaoxing’ le” [“It is now up to the West to face squarely that China is unhappy”], in Song Xiaojun, Wang Xiaodong, Huang Jisu, Song Qiang, and Liu Yang,
Zhongguo bu gaoxing: da shidai, da mubiao ji women de neiyou waihuan
[
China Is Unhappy: The Great Era, the Grand Goal, and Our Internal Anxieties and External Challenges
] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Renmin Chubanshe, 2009), 39.

16
Song Xiaojun, “Meiguo bu shi zhilaohu, shi ‘lao huanggua shua lü qi’” [“America is not a paper tiger, it’s an ‘old cucumber painted green’”] in Song, Wang, et al.,
Zhongguo bu gaoxing
, 85.

17
A classical Chinese expression signifying a postconflict return to peace with no expectation of recommencing hostilities.

18
Song, “Meiguo bu shi zhilaohu,” 86.

19
Ibid., 92.

20
Ibid.

21
Liu Mingfu,
Zhongguo meng: hou meiguo shidai de daguo siwei yu zhanlüe dingwei
[
China Dream: Great Power Thinking and Strategic Posture in the Post-American Era
] (Beijing: Zhongguo Youyi Chuban Gongsi, 2010).

22
Ibid., 69–73, 103–17.

23
Ibid., 124.

24
Ibid., 256–62.

25
Some analyses posit that while the sentiments expressed in these books are real and may be common in much of the Chinese military establishment, they partly reflect a profit motive: provocative books sell well in any country, and nationalist tracts such as
China Is Unhappy
and
China Dream
are published by private publishing companies. See Phillip C. Saunders, “Will
China’s Dream
Turn into America’s Nightmare?”
China Brief
10, no. 7 (Washington, D.C.: Jamestown Foundation, April 1, 2010): 10–11.

26
Dai Bingguo, “Persisting with Taking the Path of Peaceful Development” (Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, December 6, 2010).

27
Ibid.

28
Ibid.

29
Ibid.

30
Ibid.

31
Ibid.

32
Ibid.

33
Hu Jintao, “Speech at the Meeting Marking the 30th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up” (December 18, 2008), accessed at
http://www.bjreview.com.cn/Key_Document_Translation/2009-04/27/content_194200.htm
.

34
Dai, “Persisting with Taking the Path of Peaceful Development.”

35
Ibid.

1
Crowe knew the issue from both sides. Born in Leipzig to a British diplomat father and a German mother, he had moved to England only at the age of seventeen. His wife was of German origin, and even as a loyal servant of the Crown, Crowe retained a cultural and familial connection to the European continent. Michael L. Dockrill and Brian J. C. McKercher,
Diplomacy and World Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890–1951
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 27.

2
Eyre Crowe, “Memorandum on the Present State of British Relations with France and Germany” (Foreign Office, January 1, 1907), in G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley, eds.,
British Documents on the Origins of the War,
vol. 3:
The Testing of the Entente
(London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1928), 406.

3
Ibid., 417.

4
Ibid., 416.

5
Ibid., 417.