Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion (119 page)

Louis XV, King of France, 493

Lovat, Master of
see
Fraser, Simon

Lovett, Mary, 227

Lower, Dr Richard, 86, 138

Luttrell, Narcissus, 235

Macartney, General George, 431, 486

Mahon, Port, 450, 452, 478;
see also
Minorca

Makin, Bashua, 16

Malaga, Battle of (naval, 1704), 273

Malplaquet, Battle of (1708), 386–7

malt tax, 497

Manley, Mary Delarivier, 198, 442, 455, 510

Mantegna, Andrea, 234

mantoes (coats), 3242

Mar, John Erskine, 6th or 11th Earl of, 314–15, 317, 349, 502, 534

Marchmont, Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of, 178, 180, 186

Marie Louise d’Orléans, Queen of Spain, 11, 33

Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of: Harley demands obedience to ministerial control, 38, 430–1; courts and marries Sarah Jennings, 47–8; accompanies Duke of York, 48–9; marriage relations, 51; barony on James II’s accession, 58; opposes Monmouth, 59; religious views, 70–1, 74; meets Dykvelt for Anne, 75; opposes repeal of Test Acts, 83; informs Anne of William of Orange’s invasion plan, 94; James blames for persuading Anne to support William, 94–5; supports William, 94–5; promoted Lieutenant-General at William’s invasion, 98; defects to William, 99–100; flees north with Anne, 101; and Anne’s reluctance to accept William as sovereign, 108–10; earldom, 112; and outbreak of 1689 war with France, 112; William’s attitude to, 112–13, 123, 150, 168; campaign in Ireland, 123; Mary’s suspicion of, 123; seeks renewed contact with James, 127–8, 130; William dismisses from court and army positions, 130; confined in Tower, 136, 138; James’s readiness to forgive, 141; allies with political opposition, 142; Sunderland persuades to discontinue anti-government voting, 147; and Anne’s estrangement from royal couple, 149; William ends disgrace, 150; forwards Anne’s congratulatory letter to William on Namur victory, 152; appointed Duke of Gloucester’s governor and made Privy Councillor, 157; helps settle George’s financial difficulties, 160; and death of Duke of Gloucester, 163; and succession question, 166, 170; given command of forces in Holland, 167; as ambassador extraordinary in United Provinces, 168; on mourning for James II, 169; links with Saint-Germain court, 171, 425; awarded Garter and confirmed as Captain-General, 173–4; character and manner, 174; partnership with Godolphin, 174, 201, 263; power and influence under Anne, 174; considers Anne’s wishes in making promotions, 179, 385; George’s nominal superior position to, 183–4; Dutch appoint as commander-in-chief of allied forces in Netherlands, 184; and Anne’s first ministry, 201; differences with Rochester, 203; on subduing France, 203; liaises with Harley, 205; defends Tories to Dutch, 209; military campaign in Europe, 215–19, 249, 255, 258, 270–1, 284, 298–300, 334, 357, 367–8, 376, 386, 454–5, 539; supports Anne in public duties, 215, 217, 219–20; consulted on foreign relations, 220–1; Anne views as friend, 237; and Occasional Conformity bills, 248, 262; dukedom, 249; granted pension, 249–50, 252, 312; supports financial
settlement for Prince George, 251; death of son John, 253; demoralised by Anne’s uncooperativeness, 255, 357, 364, 377–8; letter of encouragement from Anne, 255–6; and Nottingham’s transfer of troops to Spain, 260–1; welcomes Nottingham’s resignation, 267; victories, 271, 274, 295, 298, 357, 387–8, 454, 539; Anne gives Woodstock to, 278; and cost of Blenheim Palace, 279; suspects Buckingham of intrigue, 279; and Godolphin’s concessions to Whigs, 284–5, 331; Anne appeals to for support in resisting Cowper’s appointment, 286; tours European courts, 290; at court of Hanover, 292; seeks better negotiating conditions for peace settlement, 300; supports Godolphin’s proposal to appoint Sunderland Secretary of State, 301–2, 307, 309, 311; attempts to conciliate between Anne and Sarah, 302; recommendations for ecclesiastical preferments, 319; wariness of Abigail Masham, 328–9; and Godolphin’s offer to resign, 331; and Harley’s proposed new ministry, 335–7; Tories attack for neglecting war in Spain, 336; suspects Harley of disloyalty, 337–8; prepares to detach from Godolphin, 338–9; offers resignation, 340; and Harley’s dismissal, 341–2; and planned Jacobite invasion (1708), 344; on Abigail’s influence on Anne, 350, 358–9; and proposed promotion of Somers, 350; cautions Sunderland about rudeness to Anne, 352; Anne writes to condemning Sunderland’s intrigues, 353; unease at Sarah’s virulence towards Anne, 357, 365, 385–6; Anne requests to remain as political adviser, 358; upsets Anne, 358; rumoured attempts to bring Hanover member to England, 359; applauds Sarah’s decision to cease contact with Anne, 365; Anne dissuades from resigning, 366; criticises Anne’s attachment to Tories, 367; Harley criticises military abilities, 368–9; press attacks on, 377, 454, 487; request for appointment as lifetime Captain-General declined by Anne, 378–80, 386–7; and failure of peace negotiations, 382, 384–5; writes criticising Anne over treatment of Sarah, 386–7; seeks showdown with Anne, 392; on Anne’s acceptance of Whig demands, 393; and Anne’s appointment of Rivers to Constable of Tower, 395; objects to Anne’s appointment of Jack Hill, 395–6; fails to attend Cabinet meeting, 396; letter to Anne requesting Abigail’s dismissal and offering resignation, 396–7, 399; Anne receives and pacifies, 399; pleads for Sarah’s retention by Anne, 400, 435–6; excludes Jack Hill and Samuel from promotion list, 410; and Anne’s dismissal of Sunderland, 412–15; in peace negotiations at Geertrudenberg, 418; declines to resign on Godolphin’s dismissal, 426; hostility to Anne, 426; maligns Harley to foreign powers, 426–7; Swift attacks in
Examiner
, 432; Anne wishes to retain, 433–4; and Sarah’s intemperate criticism of Anne, 435–6; resumes command overseas (1711), 438; satirised in Arbuthnot’s
History of John Bull
, 441; unaware of 1711 peace negotiations, 453; hopes for revolution in France, 455–6; attitude to 1711 peace terms, 458–9; persuades Anne to dismiss Oxford, 459; receives money from Medina, 459; investigated by Commissioners of Accounts, 463, 465, 468–9, 486–7; deprived of offices, 465, 468–9; daughters miss Anne’s birthday celebrations, 469–70; challenges Oxford on Ormonde’s orders, 476–7; visits Kreienberg to urge Hanoverian invasion of England, 476; attacks peace terms (1712), 478; moves abroad and plots invasion of England, 486–7, 490, 541; satirised in Farquhar’s
Recruiting Officer
, 487; Oxford attempts to form partnership with, 517; return to England, 521–2, 524–5, 529; Oxford warns Anne against, 524; disappointment at Oxford’s acquittal, 535; George I reinstates as commander of army, 536; sends money to Pretender (1715), death, 536; reputation, 537; view of Anne, 542

Marlborough, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of (
née
Jennings): vindictiveness, 5; on Anne’s concern for ceremony, 11; on Anne’s features and expression, 12; on Anne’s silences, 14; on Anne’s dislike of aunt Lady Clarendon, 16; on Anne’s lack of vigilance with household accounts, 17; on Anne’s letters, 19; on Anne’s distaste for nonconformists, 20; on Anne’s inadequate education, 20; religious views, 21, 70–1; in Anne’s social circle as girl, 25; as maid of honour to Mary Beatrice, 25; disparages Anne’s marriage relations, 44–5; appointed Lady of Bedchamber to Anne, 47–9; marriage, 47–8; character and appearance, 48–6; Anne’s devotion to, 49–52, 55, 66, 68, 124–5, 237; marriage relations and family life, 51, 68, 124; frankness with Anne, 52–3; uses pseudonym (Mrs Freeman) in correspondence with Anne, 52, 124; friendship with Countess of Sunderland, 54, 67; and lesbian love, 54–5; pregnancies and children, 54, 70; and care of Anne’s daughter Mary, 58; and Anne’s expenses, 60; made First Lady of Bedchamber and Groom of the Stole, 61, 66–8; influence in Anne’s household, 66–7; reports on condition of
Anne’s children, 69; health concerns, 70; with Anne on James’s return from William’s advance, 100; and Anne’s ignorance of William’s assuming throne, 106; persuades Anne to accept William’s accession, 109–10; William’s attitude to, 112–13; on Anne-Mary incompatibility, 113; persuades Anne to press for independent revenue from Parliament, 116–17; mistrusted by William and Mary, 119; and Anne’s deteriorating relations with Mary, 122; Anne increases annual allowance, 124, 250; reading and translating, 124; Anne visits in St Albans, 125, 138, 164; relations with Lady Fitzharding, 127, 131; accompanies Anne to Mary’s Drawing Room, 131; and Anne’s breach with Mary, 133, 136, 138; death of infant son, 137; and Anne in Bath, 139; and Anne’s taking medicine in pregnancy, 146; mother’s illness and death, 147; and Anne’s conciliatory letter to William on death of Mary, 149; maintains grudge against William, 150; unmasks Bathurst’s fraud, 158; and death of Duke of Gloucester, 163; and restrictions on Anne’s financial giving, 176; and Anne’s childlessness, 181; and George’s political influence on Anne, 187; on Anne’s antipathy to Whigs, 199; on Anne’s title to rule, 200; and Anne’s first government, 204, 208; disparages Harley, 206; proposes bringing George August of Hanover to England, 210; on Anne’s inexperience in policy discussions, 221–2; and Anne’s Church patronage, 225–6; and Anne’s touching for ‘King’s evil’, 226; on Anne’s drinking, 229; and Anne’s social commitments, 231; on Anne’s restraint in spending, 233; differences and growing estrangement from Anne, 237, 246, 254–5, 258, 262, 267–9, 272–6, 301–2, 304, 309, 347, 351, 353–4, 357, 362, 364–5, 380, 385, 387–92, 400, 537; occupies lodge in Windsor Great Park, 238; position and duties in Anne’s household on accession, 238–44; on Anne as considerate employer, 240; women of bedchamber accuse of meanness, 240; and charitable donations, 241; takes money from Queen’s Privy Purse, 241, 366, 436; Anne resists advice from, 244–5; Godolphin’s devotion to, 244, 411–12; Whig views, 245, 537; reaction to husband’s elevation to dukedom, 249; and financial settlement for Prince George, 251–2; death of son John, 253–4; intractability, 254, 258, 301; political activism and interference, 254, 260, 274; differences with Anne over Scottish policy, 256–7; hostility to Tories, 260–1, 268, 272, 274; visit to Bath, 260; opposes Occasional Conformity bill, 262; accompanies Anne to thanksgiving service for Oudenarde, 264–5; Godolphin rebukes for behaviour towards Anne, 267–8; and Blenheim victory, 271–2; exaggerates Jacobite threat to Anne, 272; Anne gives portrait miniature of Marlborough to, 278; reservations over Blenheim Palace, 278–9; supports appointment of Cowper as Lord Keeper, 285–6; accompanies Anne on progress to Winchester, 286; on Anne’s opposition to Sophia of Hanover settling in England, 288, 290; letter from Anne on Regency Bill, 292; promotes Sunderland as Secretary of State, 301–2, 304, 306, 310; response to grant of pension to Marlborough and family, 312; on Anne’s ecclesiastical appointments, 319; mistrusts and criticises Abigail Hill (Masham), 321–3, 327–9, 331–4, 339, 348–9, 353–4, 390–1, 393, 537, 542, 544; opposition to Harley, 321; unaware of Abigail’s marriage, 326; alleges Anne’s immoral relations with Abigail, 329, 362–3, 374, 388, 434, 537; learns of Abigail’s marriage, 331–2; confronts Abigail, 333; birthday visit to Anne (1708), 339–40; offers to resign from Anne’s service, 340; warns Anne of Harley, 342; Maynwaring advises, 347–9; upbraids Anne for relations with Abigail, 347; tenders resignation to Anne, 348; writes to Anne on George Churchill and Abigail, 353; believes Anne intriguing with Harley, 354; Marlborough attempts to modify incivility to Anne, 357, 365, 385–6; fury at Haversham’s meetings with Anne and Abigail, 360; on Maynwaring’s ballads and writings of Anne’s relations with Abigail, 362; attacks Anne for effect on Marlborough, 364; Anne gives London land to, 365; on Anne at George’s death, 370–2; breaches mourning code for George, 375; criticises Somers, 376–7; attacked in
A Dream at Harwich
, 377; counters attacks on Marlborough, 379; disrespect for Anne widely known, 380; protectiveness of household prerogatives, 381–2, 390; harangues Anne with demands and accusations, 388–9; Anne replies to criticisms, 389–90; sends document of grievances to Anne, 390–1; encourages Marlborough in dispute with Anne, 397; William and Mary demand dismissal from Anne’s household, 398; hopes daughters succeed to offices on resignation, 400; hostility to Duke of Somerset, 404–5, 411; disparages Duchess of Somerset, 405, 437; final meeting with Anne at Kensington, 405–6; influence on Godolphin and Marlborough, 411–12; strained relations
with Godolphin, 411–12; protests at dismissal of Sunderland, 413–14; threatens to publish Anne’s letters, 413, 417; Hamilton acts as intermediary with Anne, 416–17; Swift accuses of embezzlement, 432; removed from offices by Anne, 433–6; abuses Oxford and St John, 454; Anne asks to vacate St James’s lodgings, 454; and accusations against Marlborough, 468; pleasure at Anne’s decline, 503; receives and publishes copies of Anne’s letters to Sophia, 515, 519; return to England, 522, 529; disappointment at Oxford’s acquittal, 535; memoir, 536; widowhood and death, 536; on Anne’s attitude to Pretender, 540; supposed power as favourite, 542; underestimates Anne, 542, 544;
An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough
, 536

Mary I (Tudor), Queen, 15, 182

Mary II (Stuart), Queen (Anne’s sister): birth, 7; in line of succession, 8, 31–2; eye trouble, 12; talkativeness, 14, 113; drawing lessons, 18; religious studies, 21; on men’s infidelity, 24; strong moral values, 24; close relations with Anne, 25; friendship with Frances Apsley, 25–6; marriage, 27–8; pregnancies, 30; and Anne’s reputation, 38–9; and Anne’s marriage to George, 43; falls out with Anne, 45; childlessness, 56; Protestantism, 62; and Anne’s refusing conversion to Catholicism, 63; and Anne’s dislike of Sunderland family, 68; attitude to Sarah Churchill, 70–1; Anne’s correspondence with, 74–8, 83, 90–1; and Anne’s opposition to father’s Catholicism, 74–5; doubts on Mary Beatrice’s pregnancy, 80, 83, 85, 92; upbraids Anne for absence from birth of James Francis Edward, 91–2; and William’s invasion plan, 96; as joint sovereign with William, 107–8, 110, 177; changing relations and breakdown with Anne, 110, 113, 118–20, 122–3, 129, 132–5, 138, 140, 147; disquiet at father’s misfortunes, 111; present at birth of Anne’s son, 113; and Anne’s request for Parliamentary allowance, 116–18; introduces religious innovations, 118; fondness for Anne’s son William, 121, 142–3, 145, 149; forbids Prince George to take up naval service, 122–3; accuses Anne of disloyalty, 130; and Anne’s continuing attachment to Sarah Marlborough, 131, 135–6; removes Marlborough from Privy Council, 138; concern for Anne’s health, 148; smallpox and death, 148, 169; funeral, 150; phantom pregnancy, 151