Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion (120 page)

Mary Beatrice (of Modena), Queen of James II (
earlier
Duchess of York): Catholicism, 22–3, 65; children and pregnancies, 22–3, 27–9; marriage, 22; relations with Anne and Mary Stuart, 22; visits Holland with Anne, 30; sent abroad and to Scotland (1679), 33, 35; Anne accompanies to Tunbridge, 56; miscarriage, 56; Anne’s hostility to, 65–6, 73, 77, 83; suspect pregnancy, 80–1, 83–6; gives birth to son James (1888), 88–9; treatment of baby son, 92; measures against Sarah Churchill and Anne during William’s invasion, 100; flees abroad with son, 104; exile in France, 128; birth of daughter, 155; writes to Anne as regent for son, 170–1; Marlborough attempts to make contact with Abigail Masham, 425–6

Mary, Princess (Anne’s daughter): birth, 58; sickness, 59–60, 69, 71; death, 72

Mary (Stuart), Princess Royal of England and Princess of Orange, 2–3

Masham, Abigail, Lady (
née
Hill): relations with Anne, 53, 260, 322–4, 332, 339, 342, 356, 363, 484–5, 500; enters Anne’s household, 126; as Woman of Bedchamber, 240, 322; acts as Deputy Keeper of Privy Purse, 241; Sarah mistrusts and demonises, 321–2, 327–8, 333–4, 348–9, 353–4, 390–1, 393, 537; character, 322–3; as intermediary for Harley with Anne, 324–5, 355, 379–80, 385, 407–8; courtship and marriage, 325–6, 331; Sarah hints at immoral relations with Anne, 329, 361–2, 374, 434; Sarah confronts, 333; Sarah accuses of occupying rooms in Kensington, 347; Sarah demands dismissal, 347, 412; Marlborough suspects of influencing Anne, 350, 358–9, 377–8, 386–7; resumes communication with Harley, 355, 369; on Anne’s subservience to ministers, 356; slandered in Maynwaring’s ballad, 360–1; birth of children, 368, 388; and Anne’s grief at death of George, 370–1; sympathy for Anne at George’s death, 372–3; and Marlborough’s request for lifetime appointment as Captain-General, 378–9; disparages Marlborough to Anne, 379; and Eizabeth Abrahal’s salary, 381; Marlborough attacks in letter to Anne, 396; Anne resists campaign to dismiss, 397–9; supports Sacheverell, 401; Shrewsbury criticises for influence on Anne, 417; Gaultier reports on, 428; succeeds Sarah as Keeper of Privy Purse, 437; and Hamilton’s influence on Anne, 442; protests at sacking of Whig friend, 447; Anne’s gift to infant daughter, 448; Oxford uses as intermediary, 449; and brother Jack’s failure in Quebec expedition, 456; and peace settlement, 458; and husband’s peerage, 464–5; Oxford’s diminishing reliance on, 483–4; falls while pregnant, 484–5; and Anne’s declining Oxford’s request for dukedom for son, 499; Bolingbroke woos,
499; on Anne’s illness, 502; Oxford hopes to regain favour with, 513, 522; suspected of opposing Protestant Succession, 514; and Hanover’s demands, 516; rebuffs Oxford, 517; benefits from Spanish trade treaty, 520–2; and Anne’s turning against Oxford, 523; and Oxford’s dismissal, 524; blames Oxford for Anne’s decline, 526; and Anne’s final illness, 527–8; financial situation at Anne’s death, 530; situation after Anne’s death, 533; supposed power, 542–3

Masham, Brigadier Samuel, 1st Baron: background, 325; marriage to Abigail, 325–6, 331; in Ireland, 331; Marlborough excludes from promotion list, 410; peerage, 464–5; and Anne’s final illness, 528; situation after Anne’s death, 533

masques, 23

Maul, Thomas, 135–6, 138

Maximilian, Elector of Bavaria, 258, 271, 470

Maynwaring, Sir Arthur: disparages Abigail Hill, 322; advises Sarah Marlborough, 347–9, 360; ballads and prose tract on Abigail, 360–3; letter from Sarah attacking Anne, 392; on ministerial support for Marlborough, 396; and proposed dismissal of Abigail, 398; attacks Tories in
The Medley
, 454; on Anne’s self-effacing manner, 544;
Bouchain
(pamphlet), 455

Mazarin, Hortense Mancini, Duchesse, 85

Mead, Dr Richard, 441

Medina, Sir Solomon de, 458–9

Medley, The
(Whig journal), 442, 454

Melfort, John Drummond, 1st Earl (and titular Duke) of, 140

Mercarty, Lady Arabella, 66

Mesnager, Nicholas, 450–3

Middleton, Charles, 2nd Earl of: sons in failed Jacobite invasion, 345–6; letter for Duke of Hamilton, 486; Buckingham writes to on Pretender, 491; and Jacobite MPs’ proposals to alter succession rules, 491; Pretender dismisses, 506

Minorca, 494;
see also
Mahon, Port

‘Mohocks’ (gang), 471

Mohun, Charles, 5th Baron, 486

monarchy: Tory–Whig views on, 189–90

Monmouth, Anne, Duchess of, 29, 30

Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of, 33, 59, 61

Mons, siege of (1709), 386–7

Montagu, Sir James, 349, 351, 367

Montagu, Mary, Duchess of (
née
Churchill), 433, 458, 487

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 16

Montaigne, Michel de, 55

Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchesse de, 11

Moore, Arthur, 519–20

Moore, John, Bishop of Ely, 320

Morrice, Roger, 17–18, 61, 176

Mulgrave, 3rd Earl of
see
Buckingham and Normanby, 1st Duke of

Musgrave, Sir Christopher, 250

Namur, siege of (1695), 152

Nantes, Edict of: revoked (1685), 64

national debt, 196

Ne Plus Ultra lines, 454

Netherlands
see
Holland

New Party (Scotland), 269

Newcastle, John Holles, Duke of: as Lord Privy Seal, 280; Harley favours, 310, 408; demands reinstatement of Marlborough, 341; proposes Somers’ appointment to Cabinet, 350

Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of:
The Convent of Love
, 54

Newfoundland, 450, 453

Newmarket, 235–6, 309, 332

newspaper: freedom, 193–4; and political parties, 198

Nicolini
see
Grimaldi, Nicolini

Nicolson, William, Bishop of Carlisle, 232

Noble, Richard, 223

nonconformists
see
dissenters

North America: British interests in, 443, 450

Nottingham: Anne reaches in flight from London, 101

Nottingham, Anne, Countess of (
née
Hatton), 150

Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of (
later
7th Earl of Winchilsea): sends Kingston to Bath on spying mission, 139–40; weeps at abjuration oath, 190; accepts abjuration oath, 201; character and policies, 203–4; as Secretary of State, 203; diplomatic mission to Hanover, 210–11; in Cabinet, 219; and Anne’s judicial compassion, 223; and Anne’s Church patronage, 224; William purchases Kensington Palace from, 232; opposes Occasional Conformity, 248, 262, 274, 460; criticises Dutch in War of Spanish Succession, 258; transfers troops to Spain, 260–1; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 266; resigns as Secretary of State, 267; suspected of intrigue with Buckingham, 279; intransigence, 286; on proposal to bring Sophia of Hanover to England, 288, 291; Anne never forgives, 291, 423, 446; and Regency Bill, 291; in debate on Union with Scotland, 316; criticises Marlborough’s conduct of war, 336; supports Sacheverell, 403; allies with Whigs, 459–60, 463; opposes 1711 peace proposals, 462

Oates, Titus, 31

Occasional Conformity, 183, 197–8, 245, 248, 262, 279, 460, 463; and ‘tacked’ Land Tax Bill, 274–7

Oglethorp, Colonel James Edward, 89

Oglethorp, Lady, 243

Oldmixon, John, 451

opera, 229

Orford, Edward Russell, Earl of: and William of Orange’s invasion plans, 91, 94; impeached, 192; in Whig Junto, 194; entertains Anne at Cambridge, 280; Whigs propose for Lord High Admiral, 377; appointment to Admiralty, 392–3; Harley hopes to retain, 418; opposes dissolution of Parliament, 419; resigns (1710), 424

Orkney, Elizabeth Villiers, Countess of, 155, 160, 231

Orkney, General George Hamilton, 1st Earl of, 386

Orléans, Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d’, 72

Orléans, Henrietta, Duchesse d’, 1, 11–12

Orléans, Philippe, Duc d’, 11

Ormonde, James Butler, 2nd Duke of: on impermanence of Franco-Danish alliance, 42; invites William to England, 95; joins William in west country, 99; succeeds Marlborough as commander in Netherlands, 471; Anne’s Restraining Order to, 473–6; and peace proposals, 477, 479; appoints Swift Dean of St Patrick’s, Dublin, 500; and Pretender’s hopes of acceptance as successor, 508; and purge of army Whigs, 509; and Anne’s final illness, 527; in exile to avoid impeachment for treason, 534

Ormonde, Mary, Duchess of, 527

Orrery, Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of, 445

Ossory, James Butler, 5th Earl of, 3

Oudenarde, Battle of (1708), 357, 364

Oxford and Mortimer, Robert Harley, 1st Earl of: as Speaker, 170, 205–6; Anne dismisses, 187, 341, 343, 349, 524–5; and taxes, 196; ambiguous speaking and duplicity, 205–6, 516; liaises with Marlborough and Godolphin, 205–7; character, 206; discusses with Anne, 207; on Anne’s political impartiality, 208; in Anne’s inner circle, 217; Anne seeks advice from, 222; appointed Secretary of State, 267; favours peace negotiations with France, 300; favours detaching extreme Tories from government, 301, 310; opposes appointment of Whigs to ministerial posts, 310–11; employs Defoe as secret agent, 313; responsibility for ecclesiastical preferments, 318, 320; Godolphin accuses of influencing Anne, 321, 329; communicates with Anne through Abigail Masham, 324–5, 355, 379–80, 385; proposes reconstituted ministry, 335–7; failure to manage Parliament, 337–8; Marlborough and Godolphin suspect of disloyalty, 337–8; secretary William Greg arrested for passing secrets to French, 337; and resignations of Godolphin and Marlborough, 340–1; accused of league with French, 344; Anne denies contact with, 350; Sarah Marlborough believes Anne intriguing with, 354; Abigail resumes communication with, 355; regains Anne’s confidence, 355–6; Sarah criticises to Anne, 365; attacks Marlborough’s military skills, 368–9; attempts to mediate with Junto for Anne, 368; and Prince George’s death, 373; on Parliament’s wishing for second marriage for Anne, 374; and Marlborough’s request for lifetime Captain-Generalcy, 379; Marlborough believes influences Anne, 386; Abigail’s supposed influence on, 389; and Anne’s military appointments, 395; secret meetings with Anne, 407–8; intrigues against Whigs, 408–9, 418; growing influence on Anne, 417–18; peace policy, 419; persuades Anne to dismiss Godolphin, 419–20; appointed Chancellor and heads government, 421, 424; makes government appointments from both parties, 422–3, 438, 496; dissolves Parliament and forms new government (1710), 423–4; Marlborough maligns to allied powers, 426–7; sends envoy to Hanover, 426; and Jersey’s contact with French, 428–9; demands obedience of Marlborough, 430–1; Gaultier reports on, 430; employs Swift for propaganda, 431–2; disapproves of Duchess of Somerset’s appointment as Groom of the Stole, 437; and Tory trouble-making, 438–9; hostility with St John (Bolingbroke), 439, 485, 496, 498, 516, 523; injured in attack by Guiscard, 440–1, 443–19; scepticism over Canada expedition, 443; and peace negotiations with France (1711–12), 444–5, 450–3, 477, 480, 539; and national finances, 445–6; earldom and appointment as Lord Treasurer, 446; and Prince of Wales’s claim to succession, 449; proposes Jersey for place in Cabinet, 449; and Marlborough’s final campaign, 455; and failed Quebec expedition, 456; and Parliamentary vote on peace proposals, 460; threatened with impeachment over 1711 peace vote, 463; and creation of new peers, 464, 466; writes to Torcy on Eugene’s visit to Anne, 467; and Marlborough’s dismissal, 468; communicates with Torcy on Utrecht peace conference, 470–1; in danger from Mohock gangs, 471; proposals to Philip V of Spain, 473; and Restraining Order to Ormonde,
475–7; Whigs threaten with Tower, 476; St John blames for receiving mere viscountcy, 480; and St John’s mission to France, 480–2; accepts Dutch peace conditions, 482; inefficiency and unpunctuality, 482–3, 500; drinking, 483; awarded Garter, 485; and Marlborough’s leaving country, 487; communication with Pretender, 490–1, 503, 507–8; Hanover’s suspicion of, 490–1; and signing of Peace of Utrecht, 493; and conduct of Parliamentary business (1713), 497; absence from Parliament, 499; requests dukedom for son on marriage, 499; death of daughter, 500; reaction to Anne’s illness and decline, 502–3; prevaricates over Pretender as possible successor, 503–6; considers resignation, 509; sends cousin Thomas to Hanover, 509–10; and control of Parliament, 510–11; and Hanover’s demands on Anne, 512–13, 516; attempts to regain confidence of Abigail Masham, 513, 516–17, 522; modifies Schism Bill, 517–18; claims to champion Protestant Succession, 518–19, 521; initiates proclamation against Pretender, 518; decline of power, 522; hissed by crowd, 530; situation under George I, 534; impeachment and acquittal, 535; on increase in trade, 539; on Anne’s strong will, 544

Oxford University: and James II’s Catholic measures, 76, 81

Pack, Mrs (wet nurse), 113, 145

Packington, Sir John, 262

Parke, Colonel Dan, 271

Parliament: relations with James II, 61–2, 73, 79; and James’s attempt to repeal Test Acts, 81; Convention (1689), 105, 108–9, 189; debates William’s accession and succession to James, 108–10; and Anne’s allowance, 116–18; William dissolves (1701), 169; Anne addresses, 174–5, 212; and Triennial Act, 193; Anne opens (1702), 248; meets (October 1705), 288; grants pension to Marlborough and family in perpetuity, 312; opened by commission in Anne’s absence (1708), 374; impeaches Sacheverell, 394, 401–3; proposed address demanding dismissal of Abigail, 397–9; dissolved under Harley (1710), 422–4; convenes (November 1710), 438; votes against 1711 peace proposals, 460–2; debates peace terms (1712–13), 478, 488; 1713 session postponed, 488–9, 495; debates Utrecht Treaty, 498; opposition to reinstating Pretender, 504; demands expulsion of Pretender from Lorraine, 510; Oxford and Bolingbroke fail to control, 510; Anne’s final proroguing, 521;
see also
Commons, House of; elections; Lords, House of

Paulet (Poulett), Countess, 437

Paulet (Poulett), John, 1st Earl, 421

Pedro II, King of Portugal, 220, 257

Pelletier, Thomas, 233

Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, 207, 349, 373, 377, 392

Pepys, Samuel, 1, 6–8, 10, 24

Perceval, Sir John, 531

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of, 284, 299, 497

Philip II, King of Spain, 182