Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion (118 page)

Gordon, Elizabeth, Duchess of, 448–9

Gory (dancing master), 17

Grafton, Charles Fitzroy, 2nd Duke of, 493

Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of, 95, 99

Gramont, Philibert, Comte de, 54

Grand Alliance, 168, 195, 209, 221; Treaty of (1701), 168, 456, 494

Greg, William, 337, 341

Griffin, Edward, Lord, 345–6

Grimaldi, Nicolini, 229

Grote, Heinrich, Baron de, 490

Gueche, Mr: treats Anne for eye problem, 389

Guilford, William North, 6th Baron, 505

Guiscard, Louis, Marquis de, 439

Halifax, Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of: and Anne’s affinity with Elizabeth I, 180; Tories impeach, 192; in Junto, 194, 301; removed from Privy Council, 207; visits Hanover, 293; and Sunderland’s appointment as Secretary of State, 301; insists on Junto appointments to office, 367; Marlborough blocks appointment as peace negotiator, 408; resists Harley’s proposals, 419; Harley maintains contact with, 438, 458; protests at peace proposals, 470; on Pretender’s move to Lorraine, 490, 495

Halifax, George Savile, 1st Marquis of, 38, 181

Hamilton, Sir David: as physician-in-ordinary to Anne, 180, 412, 441; and Anne’s not pardoning Noble, 223; and Anne’s religious observance, 232; and appointment of Cowper, 286; and Shrewsbury’s appointment, 410; advises against agitating Anne, 411; Whiggism, 411, 442; and Anne’s attempt to separate Godolphin from Sarah, 412; and Anne’s reluctance to dissolve Parliament, 415; as go-between for Anne in dealings with Sarah, 416–17, 432–6; on popular belief in Anne’s support for Pretender, 425; and Marlborough’s blocking promotions, 431; salary in arrears, 446; on Anne’s retaining Duchess of Somerset, 469; and Anne’s defence of peace terms, 478–9; on Anne’s meticulousness in conduct of business, 483; on Abigail’s effect on Anne, 484; Anne complains to of Elector George Ludwig, 489; on Pretender’s rumoured conversion, 492; on Cowper’s objection to Peace of Utrecht wording, 495; on unpaid debts to poor, 497; and Parliamentary objection to terms of Utrecht Treaty, 498; and Anne’s reluctance to invite Electoral family member to England, 512; and Anne’s lacking confidence in ministers, 523; acts as Anne’s emissary to George Ludwig, 524; and Oxford’s dismissal, 524; on Anne’s stress and final illness, 526; on Duchess of Somerset’s attention to dying Anne, 528; on Anne’s reputation, 538; and Anne’s commitment to Protestantism, 540; on favourites’ influence on Anne, 543

Hamilton, James Douglas, 4th Duke of, 213, 265, 283, 313–14, 346, 463–4, 485–6

Hampden, Richard, 422, 475

Hampton Court, 78, 216, 234, 237

Handel, George Frederick, 229–30

Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 498

Hanover: interest in English politics, 209; negotiations with Anne over succession, 289–93; Marlborough visits, 292; Anne’s coolness towards, 448; soldiers unpaid by British, 489, 514; and possible acceptance of Pretender as successor, 505; demands on Anne, 512–13;
see also
George I, King; Sophia, Electress of Hanover

Hanoverians: and succession to English throne, 165–6, 170–1, 182, 192, 418; Whig attitude to, 447

Harcourt, Simon, 1st Viscount, 341, 424, 482, 496, 512, 524, 527

Harley, Robert
see
Oxford and Mortimer, Robert Harley, 1st Earl of

Harley, Thomas, 489, 509–10, 513–15

Hatsell, Sir Henry, 223

Haversham, John Thompson, 1st Baron, 290–2, 359–60, 367

Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 237

Hedges, Sir Charles, 204, 211, 219, 223, 247, 276, 301–4, 307

Heinsius, Anthonie, 221, 416, 487

Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 2, 4, 11, 509

Hervey, Carr, Lord, 493

Hervey, Lady, 230, 344

Heylyn, Peter:
History of the Reformation
, 13

Hill, Abigail
see
Masham, Abigail, Lady

Hill, Alice (Abigail’s sister), 127, 321, 323, 329

Hill, Jack (Abigail’s brother): career and character, 321–2, 324; Anne considers giving Essex’s regiment to, 395–7; Marlborough excludes from promotion list, 410; commands troops in Canada expedition, 444, 456; takes possession of Dunkirk, 479

Hoadly, Benjamin (
later
Bishop of Winchester), 225

Holland: Louis XIV’s war with, 15, 27, 122, 128; and War of Spanish Succession, 167–8, 258, 270, 284; and Prince George’s position as generalissimo, 183–4; British commitment to, 196–7; wariness of Tories, 209; Marlborough’s campaign in, 249, 258; and proposed peace terms, 299–300, 430, 444–5, 452, 457, 459, 462, 479–82; defensive line of fortresses, 300, 384, 470, 494, 538; reluctance to wage war in Low Countries, 334; Barrier Treaty with Britain (1709), 384–5, 444, 452, 457, 470; losses at Malplaquet, 387; Swift accuses of not fulfilling quotas for ships or men, 460; Commons criticises for inadequate contribution to war, 470–1; and Utrecht peace conference, 470, 475–6, 481, 487; modifies Barrier Treaty, 487; signs Peace of Utrecht, 493; complains of British violation of terms of Ryswick Treaty, 494

Holyrood House, Edinburgh, 35

Hooke, Nathaniel, 265, 343

Hooper, George, Dean of Canterbury (
later
Bishop of Bath and Wells), 157

Howe, Emmanuel Scope, 289–90

Hughes, Peg, 37

Huguenots: and revocation of Edict of Nantes, 64

Hull, William, 223

Huntingdon, Elizabeth, Countess of, 66

Hyde, Anne (Anne’s mother)
see
York, Anne, Duchess of

Hyde, Lady Henrietta, 29–30

Hyde, Lady (wife of Anne’s first cousin), 239, 404, 437

Iberville, Charles d’, 507–8, 511, 518, 529–30

Indians (North American): chiefs visit Anne, 443

Ireland: James II in, 112; Prince George accompanies William on campaign in, 120; Marlborough campaigns in, 123; William bestows estates on favourites, 155; Rochester as Lord Lieutenant, 203; Shrewsbury appointed Lord Lieutenant, 500; and support for Pretender, 518

Isabella, Princess, 22, 27, 32, 35

Italy: allied campaign in, 299

Jacobites: as threat, 119, 135, 138; and Mary’s death, 148–9; unhappiness at Treaty of Ryswick, 155; support for Anne, 200; and abjuration oath, 201; Scottish sympathisers, 213, 264–6; as potential assassins, 272–3; and Sacheverell trial, 402; sympathisers in 1710 Parliament, 425; and Anne’s supposed intention to restore Prince of Wales, 447; MPs threaten to alter succession conditions, 491; and Oxford’s attitude to Pretender, 504, 508; Bolingbroke seeks support of, 508–9; reaction to Anne’s death, 531; rebellion (1715), 534

James I, King of England (James VI of Scotland), 16, 348

James II, King (
earlier
Duke of York; Anne’s father): and birth of Anne, 1; escapes from Parliamentary custody as boy, 2; meets and marries Anne Hyde, 2–5; returns from exile on brother’s Restoration, 3; disowns son by Anne Hyde, 4; infidelities, 6, 38; lack of sense of humour, 6; London homes, 6; relations with children, 8–9; temperament and personality, 9; and Clarendon’s fall from power, 10; Catholicism, 12, 14–15, 20, 31, 57, 64, 73, 109; and first wife’s death, 14; and Anne’s religious upbringing, 20; second marriage (to Mary Beatrice of Modena), 22; consents to daughter Mary’s marriage to William of Orange, 27; and death of infant son, 29; and exclusion crisis, 31–3, 35–6; sent abroad and to Scotland (1679), 31–2, 34–5; returns to England, 35–6; Marlborough accompanies, 48–9; agrees to Sarah Churchill’s appointment as Lady of Bedchamber to Anne, 49; accession, 57–8; and Anne’s finances, 61; relations with Parliament, 61–2, 73, 79; hopes for Anne’s conversion to Catholicism, 62–4, 78; and birth of Anne’s daughter Anne Sophia, 63; advances Catholicism in England, 64, 73–6, 81, 88; enlarges army, 64–5; attacks on Church of England, 65; suspends Test Acts in Scotland and England, 75; progress through west of England, 79–80; and Mary Beatrice’s pregnancy, 80, 85; and Anne’s absence for birth of son James, 87; and birth of son James, 89; and threat of William of Orange’s invasion, 91; warned of William’s invasion plan, 95–6; testifies to legitimacy of son James, 96–7; unaware of Anne’s support of William, 96; proclaims William’s
Declaration of Reasons
illegal, 97; opposes William’s invasion army, 98; officers’ defections, 99; returns to London after nosebleed, 99–100; flees country and army disbanded, 102, 104, 110–11; sends commissioners to negotiate with William, 103–4; shock at Anne’s flight from London, 103; taken into custody at Faversham, 104–5; and Anne’s reluctance to accept as king, 107–8; Parliament declares throne vacant after flight, 109; campaign in Ireland, 112; plots to reinstate, 119; flees back to France from Ireland, 120; Anne sends letter of contrition to, 128–30, 140; Louis XIV supports in France, 128; Marlborough
seeks renewed contact with, 128; plans and abandons invasion from France, 135–7; declares readiness to forgive Marlborough, 141; Anne requests support for accession to throne, 153; demands in 1697 peace negotiations, 154; daughter by Mary Beatrice, 155; children excluded from succession, 164; decline and death, 168–9; Tory and Whig views of, 189–90

James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales (‘the Old Pretender’): birth, 88–9; identity and legitimacy questioned, 92–3, 111, 402, 492, 514, 540; infant illness, 92; christened, 96; mother takes abroad as infant, 104; claim to succession, 106–7, 165; William declines to make successor, 147; and Anne’s claim to succession, 154; and father’s death, 168; Louis XIV recognises as James III of England, 169, 190; English measures against, 170; Parliamentary abjuration oath denying claims, 190–1, 201; Tories’ sympathy for, 192, 200; Scots reject as successor to throne, 257; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 264–6; in Dunkirk for invasion of Scotland, 343–5; invoked in Sacheverell trial, 402; support from 1710 Parliament, 425; Jersey reports to Gaultier on chance of succeeding Anne, 429; and peace negotiations (1711), 444, 450, 452; Anne’s rumoured support for, 447–8; Anne’s contempt for, 448, 493, 540; letter to Anne claiming succession, 449; suggested conversion to Protestantism, 476, 492, 506–7; peace terms require expulsion from France, 478; and Duke of Hamilton’s apointment as peace negotiator, 486; Oxford communicates with, 490–1; settles in Lorraine, 490, 498, 504, 510; as successor threat to Hanoverians, 490; Oxford and Bolingbroke contact during Anne’s final year, 503–4, 507; Oxford’s prevarications over, 504–6; opposition to return as monarch, 505; dismisses Middleton, 506; writes to Anne, 508; bounty offered for apprehension of, 511, 518; Hanover Elector demands removal from Lorraine, 515; proclamation against, 518, 520; and Anne’s death, 530; Declaration, 534, 540; and rebellion (1715), 534; Whigs claim Anne’s intention to bequeath crown to, 540

Jennings, Sir John, 393

Jensen, Gerrit, 233

Jersey, Barbara, Countess of, 499

Jersey, Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of, 171, 204, 266, 268, 428–9, 444–5, 447, 449–51

Jews: accused of complicity with warmongering Whigs, 458

Johnson, Samuel, 227

Jones, Mary, 223

Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, 416, 418, 426; death, 445

Junto
see
Whigs

Kendal, Prince James, Duke of, 7, 9

Kensington Palace, 156, 231–2; paintings, 232

Kent, Henry Grey, Duke (
earlier
11th Earl) of, 266, 403, 409, 493

King, Sir Peter, 425, 462

Kingston, Dr Richard, 139–40

Kit Kat Club, 180, 529

Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 233

Konigsmark, Karl Johann, Count von, 405

Kreienberg, C.F. von, 448–9, 457, 476, 482, 490, 514, 515

Ladies of the Bedchamber: duties, 239–40

La Hogue, Battle of (1692), 137–8, 140

Laine, Peter de, 17

Lake, Dr Edward, 28–30

Land Tax: Bill (1704), 275; Oxford halves, 497

Landrecies, siege of (1712), 480

Leake, Admiral Sir John, 299

Leather Tax (1711), 443

Lee, Nathaniel:
Mithridates
, 18, 26, 37

Leeds, Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of (and Marquis of Carmarthen), 152, 248, 294, 399

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 292–3

Lente, Sieur de, 40

Leopold I, Emperor of Austria, 166–7, 257, 300, 539

lesbianism: Anne’s supposed, 24, 27, 39, 53–4, 361–4; in 17th-century England, 54

Leslie, Charles, 447–8

Leven, David Melville, 3rd Earl of, 344

l’Hermitage, René Saunière de, 203, 215, 380, 423, 513, 516, 518

Licensing Act: lapses (1695), 193

Life of James II
, 84, 86, 140

Lille: siege and fall (1708), 357, 367–8, 376; excluded from Barrier fortresses, 538

Limerick, Treaty of (1691), 128

Lister, Dr Martin, 442

Lloyd, David, 129–30

Lloyd, William, Bishop of Llandaff, then of Norwich, 85, 90, 92–3

Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester, 137, 224–5, 398

Locke, John, 144

Lockhart, George, 241, 265, 284, 296–7, 313, 483, 491, 518, 520

London: anti-Catholic riots on James’s departure, 104; William III enters, 105; riots over Sacheverell trial, 403–4

London Gazette
, 103

Lords, House of: proposes regency after James’s flight, 109; accepts William and Mary
as joint sovereigns, 110; opposes Occasional Conformity bill, 248; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 265–6; debates Union with Scotland, 316; Tories criticise war in Spain, 336; and vote on 1711 peace proposals, 460; new members created, 463–5; debates Protestant Succession, 511–12; debates Spanish trade treaty benefits, 520–1

Lorraine: Pretender in, 490, 498, 504, 507, 530

Lorraine, Leopold Joseph, Duke of, 498, 510, 514

Lottery Bill (1714), 521

Louis XIV, King of France: autocracy, 15; war with Holland (1672), 15; secret agreement with and subsidies to Charles II, 35–6, 40; and Mulgrave’s courting of Anne, 38; revokes Edict of Nantes, 64; England declares war on (1689), 112; supports James II in France, 128; and allied peace proposals, 154, 383–4, 400, 419, 444, 451–3, 485; recognises William as king, 154; and Spanish succession, 166–7; recognises James Francis as James III of England, 169, 190; and outbreak of War of Spanish Succession, 203, 258; sends secret agent to Scotland, 265; defeats in war, 271, 298; underestimates Marlborough, 298; supports plan for invasion of Scotland, 343; and cost of war, 376; withdraws army from Spain, 418; and Marlborough’s proposed advance on Paris, 455; deaths of son and grandsons and succession to, 472–3; letter to Anne on Utrecht peace conference, 472; and prospective final defeat, 474; offers aid to Anne in event of civil war, 518; refuses to see Pretender on Anne’s death, 530; on terms of Treaty of Utrecht, 538