Red Mutiny (55 page)

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Instead Klodt watched:
Berezovsky, p. 58; Ponomarev, pp. 246–47.
Finally, twenty minutes:
Ponomarev, p. 78; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 42; Nevsky, pp. 262–63; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 39.
Revolutionary sailor Alekseyev: 1905 god,
p. 212.
Meanwhile, several more:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 42.

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The sailors found:
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 14.
While the sailors:
Kovalenko, pp. 93–94.

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With the hollers:
Ponomarev, p. 79; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, pp. 149–50; Lychev, p. 57, Berezovsky, pp. 55–57; Bogachev, p. 60; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 35–36; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 41.

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 "
Enough blood":
Matyushenko, p. 297; Nevsky, p. 237.

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 "
I was stricken":
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 47.
Leaning against the ship's railing:
Vilensky, pp. 32–33.

CHAPTER
8

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 "
Who will lead":
Ponomarev, p. 80; Melnikov, p. 152.
After checking on the engine room:
Vilensky, p. 34.
He called for a drumroll:
ibid.; Feldmann, p. 41; Ponomarev, p. 80.
"
All of Russia is waiting":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 58.

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 "
Matyushenko had a rare intuition":
Feldmann, pp. 18–19. Feldmann also wrote, however, that this was Matyushenko's downfall as a leader, saying that while he was "full of boiling energy when the temper of the crowd was rising, he sank into apathy as soon as it dropped."
Known as "the Preacher":
Berezovsky, p. 26.
It would control:
Feldmann, p. 41.
The committee included:
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 19, p. 166;
Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 51.

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 "
Not all of us":
Vilensky, p. 34; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 40–41.
Although drawn from every quarter:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
pp. 44–49. Gavrilov's study provides the most comprehensive look into the political affiliations of the sailors both for and against the mutiny.
The committee members left:
Ponomarev, p. 81; Berezovsky, p. 61.
The twenty-five sat:
Berezovsky, pp. 97–98, 114; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsy,
p. 24.
"
And you, Your Excellency":
Kardashev, p. 97.
First they settled:
Lychev, pp. 61–62.
Then came the question:
ibid., p. 58.

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 "
What do we need":
Ponomarev, pp. 86–88.
Matyushenko also raised:
ibid.; Feldmann, p. 41; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 61–62; Ponomarev, p. 82.
A couple of hours:
Rostotskaya, p. 13; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsy,
p. 22; Lychev, p. 58.

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 "
Murzak was a typical sea wolf":
Lychev, p. 59.
"
But what of the flag?":
Ponomarev, pp. 81–82.
The young officer had agreed:
Nevsky, pp. 264–66.

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 "
You might need this":
Selivanov,
Matros Matyushenko,
p. 18.
The French coined the word:
Hathaway, p. 13; Wintringham, p. 9.
The Roman historian:
Delbruck, pp. 178–85.
The new emperor:
Rose, "Anatomy of Mutiny"; Weber, p. 156.
In the sixteenth century:
Guttridge, p. 6.
In 1790 the Royal Navy:
McGuffie, pp. 37–42.
In 1852 on the U.S. brig-of-war:
McFarland, pp. 138–39.
Short of a death sentence:
Guttridge, pp. 8–10.

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In 1910, Afro-Brazilian sailors:
Bell and Elleman, pp. 32–33.
Over a century before:
Bullocke, pp. 189–209.
Only a few months:
Mahan, p. 367.
The British navy's:
Guttridge, p. 7.
Russia's code of military:
Bushnell,
Mutiny amid Repression,
p. 75.
As the
Potemkin
steamed:
Berezovsky, p. 104; Feldmann, p. 44; Ponomarev, p. 82.

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Afterward Matyushenko wandered:
Kovalenko, p. 96.

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They had first met:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 17.
After roaming the ship:
Kovalenko, p. 96.

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 "
Can a sailor":
ibid., p. 101.

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On the evening of June 14:
Berezovsky, p. 88.
That morning, workers: Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
pp. 29–30; Inozemtsev, p. 76; Rostotskaya, pp. 10–11; Weinberg, pp. 129–31.

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 "
bloody hills of flesh": Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 30.
A couple of hours:
Berezovsky, pp. 81–94.

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From Primorsky Boulevard:
Feldmann, p. 15.

CHAPTER
9

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A mile out:
Kovalenko, p. 103.
Shortly after the
Potemkin: Nevsky, p. 238; Berezovsky, p. 101.

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By 4
A.M.
the committee:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 52; Berezovsky, pp. 98–100; Matyushenko, p. 299.
"
we will raze":
Feldmann, pp. 45–47; Bogachev, p. 57.

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 "
Citizens of Odessa!":
TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 73.
The sailors lowered:
Matyushenko, p. 300; TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 73; Ponomarev, p. 92; Pleskov, p. 32.
The crowd was stunned:
Matyushenko, p. 300.

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 Then Matyushenko boarded:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 62.
The launch neared:
TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 73; Vilensky, pp. 36–37;
1905 god,
p. 213; Berezovsky, p. 103.

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 "
Where are you going?":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 80.
At the same time:
Berezovsky, pp. 94–95; Rostotskaya, p. 12.

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 "
We may have lacked":
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 25.
On several merchant ships:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 62.
"
There are thousands":
Berezovsky, p. 95; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 72.
Minutes later, fifty:
TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 74;
Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 38; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 60; Gerasimov, p. 125.

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He needed to convince:
Berezovsky, p. 96.
On his approach:
Novikoff-Priboy, pp. 48, 89–90; Berezovsky, p. 107.
Dymchenko, the committee member:
ibid., p. 110.

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 "
You might at any moment":
Feldmann, p. 64. As Feldmann did not include in his memoir the speech that he gave at the forecastle in the morning (but rather one given a few hours later), the author has used the later speech, since according to Feldmann's description, it touched on similar topics.

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Seated at a long bench:
ibid., p. 53.

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A couple of hours before:
Rostotskaya, p. 12.
"
Will the workers follow":
ibid., pp. 12–14;
Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 38; Ponomarev, pp. 94–96; Lychev, pp. 62–65; Berezovsky, pp. 114–16; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 64.

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The members of the joint commission:
Rostotskaya, p. 13.
"
If we go ourselves":
Berezovsky, p. 117.
As the committee:
Ponomarev, p. 96.

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The very thought:
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 3023, p. 98.
Less than an hour:
Inozemtsev, p. 77; Witte, p. 263.
At 10:30
A.M.,
the head:
ibid.; TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 74.

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Even before the
Potemkin: Inozemtsev, pp. 77–80.
The Potemkin could launch:
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 70.
Kakhanov felt trapped:
Inozemtsev, pp. 79–80.

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At 12:30
P.M.,
Kakhanov:
TsGIA(M), f. 601, op. 1, d. 105, p. 3.

CHAPTER
10

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The morning papers: Novoye Vremya,
June 15, 1905.
"
Your Imperial Majesty":
Kardashev, "Novyye Svedeniya."
In his message:
Essad-Bey, p. 150; Vassili, pp. 355–56.
At first, Nicholas simply refused:
Romanov, N., June 15, 1905. In his diary that night, Nicholas wrote, "The sailors on the battleship
Potemkin
have revolted, killed the officers, and seized the ship, threatening riots in the city! Unbelievable."
The Romanovs had always:
Pipes,
Russian Revolution,
p. 81. Pipes quotes Sergei Witte, who said, concerning the Russian military, "Who has created the Russian Empire?...only the power of the army's bayonet. The world bowed not to our culture, not to our bureaucratized church, not to our wealth and prosperity. It bowed to our might."

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As a child:
Wildman, pp. 6–8; Verner, pp. 22–25; Fuller, pp. 40–41.
"
regarded himself as a soldier":
Fuller, pp. 40–41.
Over the past two:
Bushnell,
Mutiny amid Repression,
pp. 234–35. Bushnell lists every mutiny that occurred in 1905. Before June 14, 1905, eight incidents of mutiny had taken place within the Russian Empire, but none of the scale, longevity, or threatening significance of the
Potemkin. Beyond his own romance:
Keep,
Soldiers,
pp. 378–81.
Although the War Ministry:
Fuller, p. 130. Fuller lists 3,893 actions by the military in 1905 to actively suppress unrest. He points out that in 7.9 percent of these actions, violent force was used.
He approved an ukaz:
Kardashev, "Novyye Svedeniya."
The tsar also instructed:
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 30.
"
Immediately take the most severe":
ibid.

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"
Where is the chief":
TsGIA, f. 601, op. 1, d. 105, p. 1; TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 3023, p. 54.
the Admiralty Building:
Lincoln,
Sunlight at Midnight,
pp. 108–9; Gautier, p. 107.
Behind its walls: Journal de St. Petersburg,
June 16, 1905.
At
1 P.M.,
a telegram:
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 3023, p. 34.
A huge chamber:
Melnikov, p. 180.
Avelan, the privileged son:
Ioffe, pp. 178–79; Romanov, A., pp. 90–99, 216–23;
Washington Post,
October 30, 1893.
Grigory Chukhnin:
TsGAVMF, f. 406, op. 9, d. 4636; Ioffe, pp. 210–11; Belomor;
Washington Post,
December 25, 1905;
Daily Telegraph,
May 30, 1905.

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He suspected right away:
Belomor, pp. 22–24.
In the first, Krieger:
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 3023, p. 53; Platonov, pp. 155–56.

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The telegrams exasperated:
Belomor, p. 23.
"
Proceed to Odessa":
TsGIA(M), f. 52, op. 1, d. 316, p. 11; Platonov, pp. 155–56; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 32.
They also sent:
TsGIA(M), f. 52, op. 1, d. 316, p. 12.
"
For God's sake":
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
pp. 29–30.

CHAPTER 11

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 "
There are about one hundred":
Melnikov, p. 154; Ponomarev, pp. 97–98; Vilensky, p. 37. There is some confusion among the sources whether this speech was given on June 16, prior to the firing on Odessa, or in this particular scene. It is clear that Matyushenko gave dramatic speeches in both situations, and it is likely that he used threats similar to "We will line up."

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The sailors went enthusiastically:
Berezovsky, pp. 115–21; Feldmann, p. 55.
"
What have you come":
Feldmann, p. 55.
Feldmann ran to the admiral's stateroom:
ibid., pp. 46–47.

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 "
Comrades," one of the soldiers said:
ibid., pp. 55–56; Berezovsky, p. 121.
When he rushed:
Kovalenko, p. 106.
Baron P. P. Eikhen:
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 17, pp. 17–20.

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 "
You're under arrest":
ibid.; Feldmann, pp. 58–59.
When the colonel had disappeared:
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 17, p. 18.

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The
Vekha's
sailors:
ibid., pp. 60–62; Kovalenko, p. 107; Lychev, pp. 66–67.
"
judged for all":
Feldmann, p. 60.
By late afternoon:
TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 74; Weinberg, p. 135.

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Then, a few minutes after:
Weinberg, p. 75.
As the crowd at the scene:
ibid.
"
It's freedom we need":
ibid., p. 135.
"
Comrades, there are heaps": Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 40.
The first curls of smoke:
TsGIA(M), f. 52, op. 1, d. 316, p. 74.
Hundreds started breaking: Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
p. 33; Rostotskaya, p. 20–22; Bogachev, p. 128.

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General Kakhanov resisted:
TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, p. 75.
He even refused to push: 1905 god,
p. 218.
"
state of war": Chicago Daily Tribune,
June 30, 1905.
Kakhanov was certain:
Inozemtsev, p. 80.
"
Let them gather":
ibid., p. 93; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 71. There is no doubt that Kakhanov allowed the riots to occur, and Karangozov's statement reveals the almost unimaginable cruelty with which they viewed the situation. That said, historians such as Gavrilov further argue that the police sent in agents disguised as vagrants to set fires and stir the crowds to increased violence, including inciting a pogrom. Although this author certainly does not put this past the Odessan officials—as they would later exercise these techniques in the fall of 1905—there is not enough proof to conclude that they directly motivated these acts on June 15, 1905. That said, several individuals (Glotov among them) in the port tried to incite anti-Semitic violence. Several were killed in their attempts, according to Robert Weinberg's fine history
The Revolution of1905 in Odessa,
p. 139.
But over the next two hours: Daily Telegraph,
June 30, 1905; Rostotskaya, pp. 21–22; TsGVIA, f. 400, op. 5, d. 31, pp. 75–77;
Revolyutsionnyi bronenosets,
pp. 33–35; National Archives and Records Service, letter from Odessan consul to United States Embassy in St. Petersburg, June 29, 1905; Bogachev, pp. 127–31. The last reference from Bogachev's collection of documents pertains to a letter sent from I. G. Korolenko to his older brother, Vladimir, the noted Russian journalist. It was written as the events occurred. His description of the events of that night in Odessa remains one of the most poignant.