Reinterpreting the French Revolution: A global-historical perspective (70 page)

Duval d’Eprémesnil, Jean-Jacques IV, 90,

Frederick II, king of Prussia, 15, 16, 27–28,

144

30, 33, 49, 165

Frederick William I, king of Prussia, 27

Echeverria, Durand, 36

Frederick William II, king of Prussia, 49,

Eden Treaty,
see
Anglo-French trade pact

112, 114, 165

of 1786

Fructidor coup, 211, 219, 220, 221, 234, 246,

Edmonds, Bill, 203

247, 254, 255

Egret, Jean, 56, 59, 105

Fuchs, Rachel, 263

Electoral reforms: during 1789–91, 127–30;

Furet, Franc¸ois, 4, 5, 12, 162, 259

in 1792, 196; under Directory, 245

Elliot, Hugh, 116

gabelle
, 132

émigrés
: increasingly persecuted in 1791

Gallicanism:
see
Jansenism; Paris Parlement

and 1792, 180–83

Gaulle, Charles de, 265

Encyclopédie
, 37–39;
see also
Diderot,

Gaultier de Biauzat, Jean-Franc¸ois, 149

Denis; Enlightenment

General Directory of Liquidation, 131

Enlightenment, 37–41;
see also
Diderot,

Gensonné, Armand, 163

Denis;
Encyclopédie

George III, king of England, 18, 116,

Entrecasteaux (French maritime explorer),

120

117

Germinal-Prairial Days, 210

288

Index

Gilbert de Voisins, Pierre-Paul, 37

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 49, 50, 65,

Girondists (Paris), 161, 169, 172, 189, 210;

66, 68, 70, 115, 135, 168, 214

lose out in Convention during 1792–93

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, 241, 256

to Robespierrist Jacobins, 194–203

Jourdan Law, 242–43, 254

Glorious Revolution, 22

July Days, 96, 100, 103, 106;
see also
Bastille,

Godechot, Jacques, 257, 258

seizure of

Goldstone, Jack, 7

Goodwin, Albert, 231, 245

Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Count von, 115,

Grasse, Franc¸ois-Joseph-Paul de, 24

166, 167, 168, 171

Great Fear, 64, 101–03

Keith, Sir Robert Murray, 65

Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron, 171

Kennedy, Emmet, 4, 5

Gross, Jean-Pierre, 132, 178

Kennedy, Michael, 200

Gustavus III, king of Sweden, 29, 70

Kennedy, Paul, 23

Hampson, Norman, 47, 143, 151, 157, 176

Labrousse, Ernest, 96

Hardenburg, Karl August, Prince von, 216

Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis, 77, 78

Harris, Robert, 57, 79, 80, 81

Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Gilbert du

Hawkesbury, Charles, First Lord, 68

Motier, marquis de: advocates war against

Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich, Count, 65,

Austria in Legislative Assembly, 160,

114

162–63; calls for Estates-General during

Hitler, Adolf, 265

Assembly of Notables in 1787, 54;

Hoche, Louis-Lazare, 241, 243

defends the king’s prerogatives in

Hood, Samuel, 24

Constituent Assembly, 145; involved in

Howe, Patricia Chastain, 165

Champ de Mars
massacre in 1791, 111;

Huguet de Sémonville, Charles-Louis, 88

remains an Anglophobe in Constituent

Hunt, Lynn, 4, 5, 7, 8, 156, 266

Assembly, 122; supports Third Estate in

Hyder-Ali (Indian prince), 17

1789, 95

Lakanal Law, 232–33;
see also
Daunou

intendants: institutional emergence of in

Law

seventeenth century, 32–33; tendencies

La Luzerne, César-Henri-Guillaume, comte

in social recruitment of, 43

de, 70, 141–42

Isnard, Maximin, 163–64

Lameth, Alexandre de, 51, 73, 144–45,

152–53, 162

Jacobins: activities of in provinces during

Lamoignon de Basville, Chrétien-Franc¸ois

Terror, 201–5; aroused at Paris and in

II de, 52, 55, 69, 82

provinces by Varennes crisis, 152–58;

Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis, 78, 145

become radicalized by events of 1791–92,

La Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie, 246

160–69, 180–83; emergence of at Paris and

La Rochefoucauld, Cardinal Dominique de,

in Constituent Assembly, 144–50; revival

96

of in war crisis of 1798–99, 255–57; win

La Rochefoucauld, Louis-Alexandre

out over Girondists in Convention

d’Enville, duc de, 137

during 1792–93, 194–208

Leblanc de Castillon, Jean-Franc¸ois-André,

James II, king of England, 23

54

Jansenism: as traditional ideology in Paris

Le Chapelier, Isaac-René, 134, 145, 149

Parlement, 38–39, 89;
see also
Paris

Le Chapelier Law, 138–39

Parlement

Lefebvre, Georges, 1, 2, 62, 82, 107, 259

Jassy, Peace of, 113, 166

Legislative Assembly: internal politics of,

Jaurès, Jean, 1

194–95; foreign policy of, 162–66,

Jemappes, battle of, 161, 169, 196

168–69

Jones, Peter M., 137, 205, 206

Lenoir-Laroche, Jean-Jacques, 87

Index

289

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor: dies in

Malouet, Pierre-Victor, 121, 122

early 1792, 168; is pressured to go to war

mandats territoriaux
, 231, 253;
see also

against France in 1791–92, 166–67; works

assignats

for stability in central European affairs in

Marat, Jean-Paul, 189

1790–91, 112–15

Marie-Antoinette, queen of France: is

Lepeletier de St.-Fargeau, Louis-Michel,

involved in
séance royale
of June 1789,

188

82–84, 107; pleads for Austrian

Letourneur, C.-L.-F.-H., 219

intervention in Revolution during 1791,

lettres d’anoblissement
, 4 8

115, 122–23; redoubles efforts to draw

Levasseur de La Sarthe, René, 178

Austria into French domestic affairs late

Lewis, Gwynne, 253

in 1791, 166–67; tries to foment discord

Lofficiel, Louis-Prospère, 106

among members of Constituent

Lombard, J.-A., 106

Assembly, 150; urges flight to Varennes

Loménie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles:

in June 1791, 151; warns against French

troubled financial ministry of, 51–60, 63,

involvement in foreign affairs in 1787–88,

69, 82, 119

68;
see also
“Austrian Committee”; Louis

Louis XIV, king of France: foreign policy

XVI, king of France

of, 15, 22–23, 27; foreign policy of

Markoff, John, 136

ironically recalled by revolutionaries’

Martin, Pierre, 194

foreign policy, 220, 222–23; important

Masséna, André, 211, 225

institutional and constitutional

Mathiez, Albert, 1

developments under, 32, 34, 41–44;

Maupeou, René-Nicolas-Charles-Augustin

invoked by revolutionaries, 165, 175

de, 35, 36, 39, 77, 78

Louis XV, king of France: challenged by

Maury, Abbé Jean-Siffrein, 144, 149

parlements on tax policies, 35; foreign

Maximum général
, 185–88, 210

policy of, 16–18, 30, 32; social and

May Edicts, 56

institutional developments under, 44

Mazauric, Claude, 4

Louis XVI, king of France, 11; buffeted

Ménard, Franc¸ois-René-Pierre, 95

by prerevolutionary crisis, 49–55, 59, 61;

Menou, Jacques-Franc¸ois, baron de,

convenes council of war on eve of

121

Revolution, 20; dismisses Brissotin

Mercy-Argenteau, Florimund, Count von,

ministers late in 1791, 160–63, 167;

52, 55, 68, 70, 119, 171

dismisses Chancellor Maupeou in 1774,

Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, 145,

36; fails to compromise with Necker

212, 218, 219

and other reformists in 1789, 77–86;

Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von,

foreign policy of, 18; institutional

224

developments under, 33, 43; loses

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Riqueti,

popular support in Varennes crisis,

comte de: becomes socially radical in

150–57; is overthrown in August 1792

1788–89, 88, 91; defends National

and executed in January 1793, 161;

Assembly, 95; gives foreign policy views,

see also
Marie-Antoinette, queen

74; opposes despotic government in 1788,

of France

57, 78; opposes Parisian fiscal interests,

Lucas, Colin, 107, 247

130; predicts eventual French state

Lyons, Martyn, 189, 245, 249, 257

bankruptcy, 231; predicts French

reversion to war, 121, 252; speaks up on

Machault d’Arnouville, Jean Baptiste, 38

“war and peace” issues in Constituent

Mackesy, Piers, 218

Assembly, 149

McManners, John, 134, 182

Mitchell, C. J., 195

Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de

Montagnards
,
see
Jacobins; Robespierre,

Lamoignon de, 38, 55, 77, 78

Maximilien

290

Index

Montlosier, Reynaud, comte de, 149

Pasha, Jezzar Ahmed, 117

Montmorency-Luxembourg, Anne-

Paul I, tsar of Russia, 224, 225, 226

Charles-Sigismond, duc de, 51

Périsse-Duluc, Jean-André, 74, 75

Montmorin, Armand-Marc, comte de,

Peter I, tsar of Russia, 26, 27

14, 52, 66, 67, 70, 149

Pétion, Jér ôme, 144, 145, 149, 153

Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas, 37

Pillnitz, Declaration of, 114

Morellet, Abbé André, 54, 57

Pitt, William (the Younger), 19, 21, 26, 112,

Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 73, 87, 88, 105, 106,

116–17, 120, 171, 217–18, 224

144

Pollard, Miranda, 264

Mysore War, 20

Poniatowski, Stanislaus, 29

Prairial coup, 211

National Assembly:
see
Constituent

Prieur of the Marne, Pierre-Louis, 174

Assembly

Provence, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France,

National Convention:
see
Convention

comte de, 75, 83, 90, 163, 210, 247, 254;

navy: condition of in old regime, 31, 46–47,

see also
Verona, Declaration of

59; overhauled by Constituent Assembly,

Puységur, Pierre Louis de Chastenet, comte

141–43; reformed further by Convention,

de, 70, 85

193–94

Necker, Jacques: differs from Louis XVI on

Rabaut Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul, 59, 87, 88,

reforms needed in 1789, 11, 58, 63–64,

91, 147

67–69, 71, 77–86, 91, 94–95, 98, 100, 104,

Ramel-Nogaret, Dominique-Vincent,

105, 107; repeatedly warns Constituent

178

Assembly about rising state debt during

Rastadt, Treaty of, 34;
see also
Spanish

1790, 138, 148; struggles during first

Succession, War of the; Utrecht,

ministry (1776–81) with financial costs of

Peace of

French involvement in American War, 33,

Reichenbach, Convention of, 112

36, 39, 42, 53–54;
see also
American War;

Rennes Parlement, 44

Résultat du Conseil
; Vergennes, Charles

représentants en mission
, 200

Gravier, comte de

Résultat du Conseil
, 63, 69, 71, 79–82, 91,

Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 62, 68, 77, 86

94;
see also
Necker, Jacques

Nootka Sound incident, 116–17, 120–22,

Reubell, Jean-Franc¸ois, 216, 219, 221

149–50

Revolutionary Tribunal (Paris), 161, 176,

210

October Days, 65, 85–86, 104, 106–7, 109,

Richet, Denis, 3, 12

144, 150, 157, 209

Robespierre, Maximilien: advocates seizure

offices: purchase of helps change nature of

of Church lands in 1789, 134; belittles

urban elites in old regime France, 47–48;

English constitution in 1789, 73; endorses

redeemed early on in Revolution, 130–32;

execution of Louis XVI, 199; foreign

sold in huge numbers under old regime,

policy views of, 173–74; gains influence

41–42

on Left in Constituent Assembly, 145,

Orléans, Louis-Joseph-Philippe de France,

149, 153–54; had early on seen possibility

duc d’, 56

of military coup in Revolution, 257; as

Ouvrard, Gabriel-Julien, 230, 232, 253

influential member of Committee of

Public Safety, 176, 188, 192; opposes

Paine, Thomas, 40

war with Austria in late 1791 and early

Palmer, Robert R., 6, 172, 173, 185, 189

1792, 164; toppled and executed in

Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph, 39

Thermidor, Year II, 206–7, 209–10,

Paris Parlement, 35, 39, 52, 55–56, 58, 63,

227, 246

89–90, 98;
see also
Jansenism

Rochambeau, J. B. Donatien de Vimeur,

parlements
: development and historic role

comte de, 51

of, 35

Rodney, George Brydges, 24

Index

291

Roider, Karl, 171, 226

Soboul, Albert, 4

Rossbach, battle of, 30, 45

Society of 1789, 145, 150

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 40, 45

Society of Thirty, 87–88, 90

Rudé, George, 125

Sorel, Albert, 6, 9, 121, 220

Soulavie, Jean-Louis Giraud, 173

St.-André, Jeanbon, 172, 193, 197

Spanish Succession, War of the, 32, 34;

Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis, comte de,

see also
Rastadt, Treaty of; Utrecht,

30, 45