Reinterpreting the French Revolution: A global-historical perspective (69 page)

N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986); and Suzanne Desan,
Reclaiming

the Sacred: Lay Religion and Popular Politics in Revolutionary France

(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990). On the fate of Protestants

during these years, refer to Burdette Poland,
French Protestantism and

the French Revolution, 1685–1815
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University

Press, 1957). Jews are discussed by Ruth Necheles in “L’Emancipation

des Juifs, 1787–1795,”
Annales historiques de la Révolution franc¸aise

48 (1976): 71–86, and by David Feuerwerker,
L’Emancipation des Juifs

en France
(Paris: A. Michel, 1976).

For an impressive overview of cultural issues in the revolutionary

era, see Emmet Kennedy,
A Cultural History of the French Revolution

(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989). Significant controver-

sies involving symbolism and civic rituals during these years are treated

in Mona Ozouf,
La Fête révolutionnaire, 1789–1799
(Paris: Gallimard,

1976); Maurice Agulhon,
Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and

Symbolism in France, 1789–1880
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1981); Michel Vovelle,
La Mentalité révolutionnaire
(Paris: Messidor-

Editions Sociales, 1985); and, more recently, Antoine de Baecque,
The Body

Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770–1800
, trans.

Charlotte Mandell (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997).

284

Suggestions for Further Reading

In a somewhat more traditional vein, Robert R. Palmer has traced educa-

tional developments through the revolutionary era in
The Improvement

of Humanity: Education and the French Revolution
(Princeton, N.J.:

Princeton University Press, 1985). Works on journalism in the 1790s

include Jack R. Censer,
Prelude to Power: The Parisian Radical Press,

1789–1791
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), and

Jeremy Popkin,
The Right Wing Press in France, 1792–1800
(Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1980). On science in the Revolution,

see Joseph Fayet,
La Révolution franc¸aise et la science, 1789–1795
(Paris:

M. Rivière, 1960). Studies on medical progress in this period include David

Vess,
Medical Revolution in France, 1789–1796
(Gainesville: University

Press of Florida, 1975), and especially Toby Gelfand,
Professionalizing

Modern Medicine
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980). There are,

in addition, a host of books treating literature, theater, and the other arts

during the revolutionary era. Last but surely not least, the reader should

at some point consult the wide array of essays in Keith Baker, Franc¸ois

Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds.,
The French Revolution and the Creation

of Modern Political Culture
, 4 vols. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987–94);

and two important articles by Thomas E. Kaiser: “The Evil Empire? The

Debate on Turkish Despotism in Eighteenth-Century French Political

Culture,”
Journal of Modern History
, 72 (2000): 6–34, and “Who’s Afraid

of Marie-Antoinette? Diplomacy, Austrophobia and the Queen,”
French

History
14 (2000): 241–71.

Index

aides
, 132

Babeuf, “Gracchus”, 210

Aix Parlement, 119

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 111

Albisson, J., 87

Baker, Keith, 4, 5, 37

Amar, Jean-Baptiste-André, 200

Barbaroux, Charles Jean-Marie, 172

American War, 20, 24–25, 40, 46–47, 49;

Barère, Bertrand, 178, 185, 236

see also
Necker, Jacques; Vergennes,

Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie, 57,

Charles Gravier, comte de

106, 144–45, 149, 153–54, 162

Anderson, M. S., 70

Barras, Paul, 256

Anglo-French trade pact of 1786, 25, 52, 74,

Barthélémy, Franc¸ois, comte de, 216, 219

76, 97

Basle, Treaty of, 216

Antoine, Michel, 32, 33

Bastille, seizure of, 64, 98–100, 110;
see also

Antraigues, Emmanuel-Louis-Henri de

July Days

Launey, comte d’, 87

Baudot, Marc Antoine, 198

Applewhite, Harriet, 143

Beauvau, Charles-Just, prince de, 88

Arc, chevalier d’ (French essayist), 45

Belle-Isle, Charles-Louis-Auguste Fouquet,

Argenson, René-Louis de Voyer,

comte de, 16

marquis d’, 15, 37

Bergasse, Nicolas, 57

army: condition of in old regime, 30–31,

Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules, 257

44–46, 59, 73; overhauled during

Bernis, Abbé-Cardinal Franc¸ois-Joachim de

1795–99, 238–43; reform of during

Pierre de, 16, 30

1789–91, 139–41; reform of during

Bertaud, Jean-Paul, 139, 192, 193, 240, 242

1792–93, 190–93; status of in 1789,

Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis-Bénigne-

103–4

Franc¸ois, 101

Artois, Charles-Philippe de France,

Bertin, Henri-Léonard-Jean-Baptiste, 38

comte d’, 75, 83–84, 163

Bésenval, Pierre-Victor, baron de, 51

Assembly of Notables: in 1787, 53–55, 58;

Bien, David, 5, 6

in 1788, 58, 79, 90

biens nationaux
: defined and allocated

assignats
, 130, 164, 187, 198, 229, 231, 253;

during the Revolution, 130–31, 133–34,

see also mandats territoriaux

136–38, 190, 206, 231

Augereau, Pierre Franc¸ois Charles, 254

Biro, Sydney, 174, 213, 220

“Austrian Committee”, 122–23;
see also

Black, Jeremy, 117

Marie-Antoinette, queen of France

Blanning, T. C. W., 9, 113, 166, 169

Austrian Succession, War of the, 15, 33, 51

Bligh, William, 116

Avignon, quarrel over during Revolution,

Boissy d’Anglas, Franc¸ois-Antoine, 212,

118–19

213, 246

285

286

Index

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 124, 178, 210, 211;

Champ de Mars
massacre, 111, 153–54

holds ambitions under Directory, 212,

Charles I, king of England, 62, 77, 86, 266

220, 223, 226–27, 238, 241, 243–44; is

Charles III, king of Spain, 18

involved in
coup d’état
of 1799, 255–58;

Charles IV, king of Spain, 75, 86

viewed in context of early modern and

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 223

modern French history, 259–61

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 15

Bosher, John, 43, 130

Chaussinand-Nogaret, Guy, 3

Bourdon, Léonard, 213

Chauvière, Michel, 264

Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier,

Choiseul, Etienne-Franc¸ois, duc de, 16, 17,

baron de, 85

18, 19, 45, 223

Brissot, Jacques-Pierre: argues for war

chouannerie
: in Brittany, 205–7

against Austria in Legislative Assembly,

Church, Clive, 179, 228, 229, 249, 251, 252

160–61, 163–66, 169–70, 173, 180; is

Civil Constitution of Clergy, 110, 134–36,

politically eclipsed in Convention,

147–49, 160, 180–83

195–200

clergy: growing persecution of in 1791 and

Brown, Howard G., 238

1792, 180–83

Brune, Guillaume, 226

Cobb, Richard, 12

Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, duke

Cobban, Alfred, 3

of, 50, 160

Cobenzl, Philip, 215

Brunswick Manifesto, 160, 176, 182

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 23, 24, 41

Bruun, Geoffrey, 167

Committee of General Security, 177

Burges, James, 117

Committee of One Hundred, 90

Burke, Edmund, 257

Committee of Public Safety: in crisis of

Buzot, Franc¸ois-Nicolas-Léonard, 153

1794, 193–94, 204, 206; curbed after

Thermidor, 210, 227; diplomatic role of

cahiers de doléances
: in 1789, 63, 72–74,

in 1793, 173–74, 179; economic role of,

82–84, 91–94, 102;
see also
Estates

186–88; established in 1793, 161; gains

General: in 1789

more powers during Terror, 176–77

Caisse de l’extraordinaire
, 130–31

Compte rendu
of 1781, 36

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de: plays key

Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat,

ministerial role in prerevolutionary crisis

marquis de, 57, 163, 188–89

of 1787–88, 49–60, 63, 69, 119;

Constituent Assembly: foreign policy

unsuccessfully defends old regime’s

pronouncements of, 117–24; internal

financial system in 1789, 130

politics of, 143–55; social and

Campo Formio, Treaty of, 210, 221–22

institutional reforms of, 124–43

capitation
, 132

Conti, Louis-Franc¸ois-Joseph de Bourbon,

Carnot, Lazare, 170, 192, 219

prince de, 90

Castries, Charles-Eugène-Gabriel de La

Convention: foreign policy

Croix, Maréchal de, 20, 46, 51, 141

pronouncements of, 169–70, 172–75,

Catherine II, tsarina of Russia: advocates

212–13, 218–19; political tendencies in,

Russian expansionism in old regime, 19,

196–200, 206–7; social and institutional

29; challenges France during 1789–91,

reforms of, 175–94

111, 113; figures prominently in

Cordelier Club, 111

diplomacy of prerevolutionary crisis,

Cormack, William, 46

49–50; initiates Third Polish Partition

Cornic-Dumoulin (French naval

in 1795, 214–15; menaces Poland in

commander), 194

1791–92, 166–68; poses a threat to France

Creuzé-Latouche, Jacques-Antoine, 145

in 1789, 65–68, 70; remodels church

Crillon, Franc¸ois-Félix-Dorothée, comte

institutions within Russia, 135

de, 149

Cazalès, Jacques de, 144, 149

Crook, Malcolm, 128, 129

Cérutti, A.-J.-J., 88

Custine, Adam-Philippe, comte de, 130

Index

287

Daladier, Edouard, 264

Estates-General: in 1789, 31, 34–35, 39–40,

Danton, Georges-Jacques, 170, 173, 178

54–59; in 1614–15, 78–79, 89–90;

Daunou Law, 233–34;
see also
Lakanal Law

see also cahiers de doléances

Dawson, Philip, 130

Evans, H. V., 116, 122

dechristianization, 183

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the

Falkland Islands: dispute over in 1789

Citizen, 64, 117–18, 132, 232

and 1790, 18, 116

Delley d’Agier, Claude-Pierre de, 137

Family Compact, 117, 122

Démeunier, Jean-Nicolas, 88, 145

Farmers-General: changing patterns

Desan, Suzanne, 8

of recruitment of in old regime,

Desmoulins, Camille, 73

43–44

Dickinson, John, 40

federalism: seen as provincial threat to

Diderot, Denis, 37, 38;
see also

revolutionary government in 1793,

Encyclopédie
; Enlightenment

161–62, 172, 200–2, 203–4, 207

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, 16

Ferrières, Charles-Elie, marquis de, 147

Directory: foreign policy of, 219–26;

Feuillant Club (Paris), 111, 153–54, 160,

political developments under, 244–57;

162–63, 194–95, 202

social and institutional reforms of, 227–44

First Polish Partition, 29

Dorset, John, Third Duke of, 120

Fishman, Sarah, 264

Doyle, William, 6, 41

Fitzsimmons, Michael P., 89, 129

Dubois, Cardinal Guillaume, 42

Fleurus, battle of, 206, 212, 213, 214

Dubois-Crancé, Edmond-Louis-Alexis,

Fleury, Cardinal André Hercule de, 16

141, 238

Floréal, coup of, 211, 246

Dubos, Abbé Jean-Baptiste, 72

Forrest, Alan, 139, 140, 240

Dumont, André, 212

Fouché, Joseph, 244

Dumouriez, Charles-Franc¸ois: defects to

Foullon de Doué, Joseph-Franc¸ois, 101

Austrians in 1793, 161, 177, 187, 196–98,

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 168

200; serves briefly as foreign minister in

Franc¸ois de Neufchâteau, Nicolas-Louis,

1792, 165–66; serves as general in 1792–93

219

campaign, 169–70

Franco-Prussian War, 262, 263

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 130

Franco-Russian trade pact of 1787, 51

Duport, Adrien, 153, 162

Franklin, Benjamin, 40