Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (50 page)

Husserl, Edmund
192

Huygens, Christiaan
70

IBM
128

Iceland: banking
55

identity politics
xiii

illegal aliens (‘
sans-papiers
’)
156

illegality
61
,
72

immigrants, housing
160

imperialism
135
,
136
,
143
,
201
,
257
,
258

income

bourgeois disposable
235

disparities of
164
–
81

levelling up of
171

redistribution to the lower classes
xi
;
see also
wages

indebtedness
152
,
194
,
222

India

billionaires in
170

a BRIC country
170
,
228

call centres
139

consumerism
236

dismantlement of old ships
250

labour
107
,
230

‘land grabs’
77

moneylenders
210

social reproduction in
194

software engineers
196

special economic zones
144

unstable lurches forward
10

indigenous populations
193
,
202
,
257
,
283

dispossession of
40
,
59
,
207

and exclusionary ownership rights
39

individualism
42
,
197
,
214
,
281

Indonesia
129
,
160

industrial cartels
135

Industrial Revolution
127

industrialisation
123
,
189
,
229
,
232

inflation
30
,
36
,
37
,
40
,
49
,
136
,
228
,
233

inheritance
40

Inner Asia, labour in
108

innovation
132

centres of
96

and the class struggle
103

competitive
219

as a double-edged sword
xii
;

improving the qualities of daily life
4

labour-saving
104
,
106
,
107
,
108

logistical
147

organisational
147

political
219

product
93

technological
94
–
5
,
105
,
147
,
219

as a way out of a contradiction
3

insurance companies
278

intellectual property rights
xii
,
41
,
123
,
133
,
139
,
187
,
207
,
235
,
241
–
2
,
251

interest

compound
5
,
222
,
224
,
225
,
226
–
7

interest-rate manipulations
54

interest rates
54
,
186

living off
179
,
186

on loans
17

money capital
28
,
32

and mortgages
19
,
67

on repayment of loans to the state
32

simple
225
,
227

usury
49

Internal Revenue Service income tax returns
164

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
49
,
51
,
100
,
143
,
161
,
169
,
186
,
234
,
240

internet
158
,
220
,
278

investment: in fixed capital
75

investment pension funds
35
–
6

IOUs
30

Iran
232
,
289

Iranian Revolution
289

Iraq war
201
,
290

Ireland

dispossession of land rights
40

housing market crash (2007–9)
82
–
3

Istanbul
141

uprising (2013)
99
,
129
,
171
,
243

Italy
51
,161,
223
,
235

ITT
136

Jacobs, Jane
96

James, C.L.R.
291

Japan

1980s economic boom
18

capital in (1980s)
154

economic development in
10

factories
123

growth rate
227

land market crash (1990)
18

low population growth rate
230

and Marshall Plan
153

post-war recovery
161

Jewish Question
213

JPMorgan
61

Judaeo-Christian tradition
283

Kant, Immanuel
285

Katz, Cindi
189
,
195
,
197

Kenya
291

Kerala, India
171

Keynes, John Maynard
xi
,
46
,
76
,
244
,
266

‘Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren’
33
–
4

General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
35

Keynesianism

demand management
82
,
105
,
176

demand-side and debt-financed

expansion
xi

King, Martin Luther
284
,
291

knowledge
xii
,
26
,
41
,
95
,
96
,
100
,
105
,
113
,
122
,
123
,
127
,
144
,
184
,
188
,
196
,
238
,
242
,
295

Koch brothers
292

Kohl, Helmut
x

labour

agitating and fighting for more
64

alienated workers
125
,
126
,
128
,
129
,
130

artisan
117
,
182
–
3

and automation
105

capital/labour contradiction
65
,
66
,
68
–
9
,
146

collective
117

commodification of
57

contracts
71
,
72

control over
74
,
102
–
11
,
119
,
166
,
171
–
2
,
274
,
291
–
2

deskilling
111
,
119

discipline
65
,
79

disempowering workers
81
,
103
,
116
,
119
,
270

division of
see
division of labour; domestic
196

education
127
–
8
,
129
,
183
,
187

exploitation of
54
,
57
,
62
,
68
,
75
,
83
,
107
,
108
,
126
,
128
,
129
,
150
,
156
,
166
,
175
,
176
,
182
,
185
,
195

factory
122
,
123
,
237

fair market value
63
,
64

Gallup survey
271
–
2

house building
17

housework
114
–
15
,
192

huge increase in the global wage labour force
107
–
8

importance of workers as buyers of commodities
80
–
81

‘industrial reserve army’
79
–
80
,
173
–
4

migrations of
118

non-unionised
xii
;

power of
61
–
4
,
71
,
73
,
74
,
79
,
81
,
88
,
99
,
108
,
118
–
19
,
127
,
173
,
175
,
183
,
189
,
207
,
233
,
267

privatisation of
61

in service
117

skills
116
,
118
–
19
,
123
,
149
,
182
–
3
,
185
,
231

social
see
social labour; surplus
151
,
152
,
173
–
4
,
175
,
195
,
233

symbolic
123

and trade unions
116

trading in labour services
62
–
3

unalienated
66
,
89

unionised
xii
;

unpaid
189

unskilled
114
,
185

women in workforce
see under
women; worked to exhaustion or death
61
,
182

see also
employment

labour markets
47
,
62
,
64
,
66
–
9
,
71
,
102
,
114
,
116
,
118
,
166

labour-saving devices
104
,
106
,
107
,
173
,
174
,
277

labour power

commodification of
61
,
88

exploitation of
62
,
175

generation of surplus value
63

mobility of
99

monetisation of
61

private property character of
64

privatisation of
61

reserves of
108

Lagos, Nigeria, social reproduction in
195

laissez-faire
118
,
205
,
207
,
281

land

commodification
260
–
61

concept of
76
–
7

division of
59

and enclosure movement
58

establishing as private property
41

exhausting its fertility
61

privatisation
59
,
61

scarcity
77

urban
251

‘land grabs’
39
,
58
,
77
,
252

land market
18
,
59

land price
17

land registry
41

land rents
78
,
85

land rights
40
,
93

land-use zoning
43

landlords
54
,
67
,
83
,
140
,
179
,
251
,
261

Latin America

’1and grabs’
58
,
77

labour
107

reductions in social inequality
171

two ‘lost decades’ of development
234

lawyers
22
,
26
,
67
,
82
,
245

leasing
16
,
17
,
18

Lebed, Jonathan
195

Lee Kuan-Yew
48

Leeds
149

Lefebvre, Henri
157
,
192

Critique of Everyday Life
197
–
8

left, the

defence of jobs and skills under threat
110

and the factory worker
68

incapable of mounting opposition to the power of capital
xii
;

remains of the radical left
xii
–
xiii

Lehman Brothers investment bank, fall of (2008)
x
–
xi
,
47
,
241

‘leisure’ industries
115

Lenin, Vladimir
135

Leninism
91

Lewis, Michael:
The Big Short
20
–
21

LGBT groups
168
,
202
,
218

liberation struggle
288
,
290

liberty, liberties
44
,
48
–
51
,
142
,
143
,
212
,
276
,
284
,
289

and bourgeois democracy
49

and centralised power
142

and money creation
51

non-coercive individual liberty
42

popular desire for
43

and state finances
48

liberty and freedom
199
–
215

coercion and violence in pursuit of
201

government surveillance and cracking of encrypted codes
201
–
2

human rights abuses
202