Supreme Commander (44 page)

Oyama, Commander, 22

Ozawa, Jisaburo, 183

 

Pace, Frank, 291

Pakistan, 63

Panama Canal Zone, 4

Patton, George, 7, 13, 162

Pauley, Edwin W., 112–13, 231

Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, 154

peace negotiations, 3

peace treaty (1951), 86, 175, 223, 226, 229, 238, 250–51, 253, 261–63, 295, 296

signed, 271, 273–74

Pearl Harbor attacks, 8, 32, 68, 71–73, 82, 100–101, 181, 207, 212

Peers School, 118, 119

Percival, Sir Arthur, 34, 42, 201

Perry, Matthew, 39, 44–45, 270

Pershing, John J., 7

Petraeus, David, 299

Pharr, Susan, 149

Philippines, 3–6, 8, 10–13, 26, 45, 47

Battle of, 1944, 201

FEC and, 63, 64

independence of 1946, 108

Japanese atrocities in, 81

Japanese attack of 1941 on, 32–33, 261

MacArthur and reconquest of, 15, 18, 33

MacArthur's defeat in, 12–13, 32–33

MacArthur's early career in, 277

MacArthur's father as governor and, 66, 110

MacArthur's promise to return, xvi, 3, 6, 33, 71, 75, 220

MacArthur's visit of 1946, 160

rearmament of Japan and, 251

reparations and, 263

SCAP staff and, 97, 100

war crimes trials and, 198, 200–204

Pingfan, China, 180–81, 184–86, 195, 250, 296

poison gas, 183–84, 218

police, 20, 191–93, 229, 251, 257, 287

political parties, 219

political prisoners, 20

release of, 113, 142

political reform, 20, 86–87, 95–96, 113–14, 219, 228.
See also
civil liberties; democracy

Polybius, 65

Poole, Richard, 131

Port Arthur attack, Russo-Japanese War, 100

Potsdam Declaration, 23, 45, 51, 55, 72, 76, 86, 89, 126, 146, 239

POWs, American, 81–82, 103, 178–79, 209

Bataan, 12, 33, 34, 44

POWs, Japanese

anthrax, 183–84

in Manchuria, 168, 174–75, 250

USSR and, 174–75, 249–50

press, 74, 97, 161

prime minister, Japanese

constitution and election of, 131

Japanese flag and, 145

Privy Council (Japanese), 21, 144, 210

propaganda, Japanese, 47–48

Public Health and Welfare Section, 95, 107

Public Safety Division (PSD), 192

Public Service Law (Japanese, 1947), 174

Puerto Princesa atrocities, 81

 

Quakers, 71

Quezon, Manuel, 5, 69, 277

 

railroads, 51, 78

Rainbow Division.
See
Forty-Second Infantry

Rainbow Five plan, 8

Rankin, John, 82

rationing, 91

Reagan, Ronald, 294

Red Purge, 241

Reischauer, Edwin O., 272

religion

freedom of, 115–16

separation of state and, 122–24

Remington Rand company, 293

Reminiscences
(MacArthur), 20, 293

“Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties” (October 4, 1945 directive), 115, 125

reparations, 112–13, 168, 229, 231–34, 233n, 242–43, 252, 263

Reparations Commission (1919), 254

repatriation, 89, 103–4, 175, 238, 249, 287

Republican Party (U.S.), 173, 265

elections of 1952 and, 274

presidential nomination of 1948, 162–63, 234, 253

“reverse course” issue, vs. “shift,” 228–29

Rhee, Syngman, 255

Rice, Grantland, 293

Ridgway, Matthew, 261, 264, 273

Rise of American Civilization, The
(Beard and Beard), 151

Rockefeller, John D., III, 262–63

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 179, 185

Rodionov, Anatoliy, 18

Roest, Pieter, 130

Röling, Bernard V.A., 208

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 151

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21n, 26, 40, 56, 102, 140, 170, 204

biological weapons and, 181, 194

Konoe and, 212–13

MacArthur appointments and, 5–6, 8, 12–13, 15, 32–33

WW II strategy and, xv–xvi, 5–6, 55

Truman and, 7

Roosevelt, Theodore, 4, 22n, 72, 162n

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 22n

Rovere, Richard, 250, 281

Royall, Kenneth, 222, 224, 228, 233–34, 236, 243

Rusk, Dean, 260, 271

Russell, Richard B., Jr., 82

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 22, 100, 179–80

Ruth, Babe, 245–46

 

Sadatoshi, Tomioka, 165

Sakhalin Island, 165, 255

Sams, Crawford, 107–8

Sanders, Murray, 184–87, 189, 250

San Francisco Seals, 244, 246, 248

Sanger, Margaret, 151

Sansom, Sir George, 87

Santayana, George, 17

Saturday Evening Post
, 252

Sawamura, Eiji, 245

SCAP.
See
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

SCAPINS (SCAP instructions), 31, 96, 284

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 250, 281

Seaman, Dr. Louis, 179–80

Sebald, William, 97, 161, 233n, 252–53, 256, 262, 271

“secret history,” 118–22

secret police, 146

secret societies, 31, 88–89

Seventh Fleet, 256–57

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 291

Sherwood, Robert, 56

Shidehara, Baron Kijuro, 65, 120–21, 126, 135–37, 144, 146–47

Shidzue, Kato, 149, 151

Shigemitsu, Mamoru, 38–39, 41, 46, 51–53, 213, 290, 297

Shimozato, Masaki, 296

Shinto (Way of the Gods), 76, 115, 122–23, 295

shipbuilding industry, 78, 112, 233, 237

ships, repatriation and, 103–4

Shirasu, Jiro, 132–33

Short, Dewey, 32, 261

Siberia, war of 1919–20 in, 17, 100

Singapore

Battle of, 34, 201

postwar, 266

Sirota, Beate, 130–31, 147, 149–50

Sketches from a Life
(Kennan), 228

small farmers, 96, 108–10, 169

Smith, Harold, 59

Smith, Margaret Chase, 151

social security, 219

soft power, 262, 288

Sonjo Gigun (Righteous Group for Upholding Imperial Rule), 30

South Korea, 254–55, 256, 266

Soviet Union (USSR), 18, 42, 72, 92, 94, 99, 130, 165–69, 174–77, 237, 277, 285

ACJ and, 64–65

biological weapons and, 187–89, 193–97, 289

Cold War and containment and, 223, 225–27, 252, 255–56

Japanese constitution and, 136

Japanese war of 1919–20 vs., 17

FEC and, 93, 134, 144, 176, 227

Japanese POWs and, 174–75, 249–50

Korean War and, 255

MacArthur and, 220–21n

Manchuria and, 185

peace treaty and, 175

war crimes trials and, 193–99, 208

Special Investigation Bureau, 175.
See also
government, Japan

Spruance, Raymond, 35, 162, 212, 278

Stalin, Joseph, 99, 165–67, 175–76, 277

State Department, U.S., 52, 55–56, 59, 103, 163, 190, 201.
See also
specific individuals

Atcheson and, 101

China and, 177

Far Eastern Affairs Division, 115, 144, 233n, 260

FEC and, 64, 92

Japanese atrocities and, 80–81

Japanese Constitution and, 125, 127, 141–42, 176

Kennan visit to Japan and, 224–29

Korea and, 255

MacArthur's authority and, 63, 65

Northeast Asian Affairs Office, 253

Policy Planning Staff, 223

SCAP chain of command and, 92

“Statement of U.S. Policy” (Department of the Army, 1947), 229

State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 59. See also
United States Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan

steel industry, 112, 233, 237

Steinem, Gloria, 150

Stettinius, Edward, 80

Steuben, Baron von, 99

Stimson, Henry, xvi, 19, 55, 94, 160, 278–79

Stoddard, George D., 79

Stoddard Commission, 123–24

Subcommittee for the Far East (SFE), 59

Summation of Non-Military Activities in Japan
(SCAP report, 1945), 114

“Supplementary Explanation Concerning the Constitutional Revision” (Matsumoto memo), 133

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP).
See also
Japan, occupation of; MacArthur, Douglas;
and specific individuals; reforms; and sections

ACJ and, 64, 91

administration of, 284–85

advisory vs. executive function of, 86

“Bill of Rights” directive, 113

biological weapons and Ishii and, 186–87, 189, 192–93

bureaucracy eschewed by, 16

censorship and, 219–20

chain of command, 91–93

Communists and, 169–73

constitutional reform and, 126–35, 138–41

cultural and religious treasures and, 110–11

democracy and, 114

directives to, 20, 59–60, 89–92, 108, 113, 146, 231–32, 238n

disarmament and, 104–6

disputes with Washington and, 230–31

dissolution of, 296

Dulles Peace Mission and, 262–63

economy and, 221–23, 239

education and, 24

elections and, 145, 169

emperor and, 118–22

FEC and, 63–64, 91, 93–94

Fortune
attack on, 235, 237–41

humanitarian mission and, 107–8, 114

Japanese language and, 140n

Japanese prisoners and, 88

Kennan and, 225–26

labor and, 113, 170–73

land reform and, 109–10, 169

MacArthur appointed to head, 8–10, 12–13, 15, 76

military police and, 219

organization chart, staff, and teams of, 94–101

paper trail avoided by, 95

Pearl Harbor and, 82

power of, 60

religious policies and, 115–17, 122–23

reparations and, 233n

repatriation and transports by, 103–4

surrender ceremony and, 40–41

USSR and Japanese Communist leaders and, 166

war crimes trials and, 73

women's rights and, 148–49, 153

zaibatsu
and, 231, 234

Supreme War Council, 23, 210

Sutherland, Richard, 41, 62, 283

Suzuki, Kantaro, 21

Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak (1979), 197

SWNCC150/4/A. See
United States Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan

Syria, 280

 

Taiwan, 100n, 254.
See also
Formosa

Takayanagi, Kenzo, 205, 210

Takemae, Eiji, 107, 295

taxes, 241–42

Taylor, Zachary, 162n

Teikoko Bank poisoning, 191–93

Tench, Charles, 18, 49

Tennesee Valley Authority, 184

Tenth Corps, 273

Thailand, 266

Thompson, Arvo, 189

Thorpe, Elliott, 76–78, 80, 167

Tientsin POW camp, 81

Time
, 26, 54, 80, 101, 126, 140n, 278

Togo, Heihachiro, 22

Tojo, Hideki, 72, 82, 194, 207, 209

Tokuda, Kyiuchi, 152

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 32–33

Tokyo, 36, 50

demonstrations of 1946, 143

firebombing of, 48, 182n, 295

MacArthur's arrival in, 19, 21, 53–54

Russian embassy in, 166

street signs, 217

suicides in, 31

Tokyo Fire Department, 159–60

Tokyo Rose, 245–46

Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 183, 188–89, 197–200, 206–13.
See also
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE); war crimes trials

torture, 187, 190

Tracy, Honor, 147, 277

trade, 126, 222, 242–43, 274, 292, 297–98

Truman, Harry S, 127, 143, 162–63, 185, 234, 295

anti-Communism and, 252

atom bomb and, xv-xvi, 48, 178, 194

biological weapons and, 190, 192, 194

Cold War and, 221, 223, 229

death of MacArthur and, 293

economic policy in Japan and, 236, 238, 242

Hirohito and, 55, 76

Korean War and, 254–55, 259–61

MacArthur appointed SCAP by, xiv, 3–10, 52, 277

MacArthur fired by, 58n, 264–66, 271–75, 285

MacArthur refuses invitation of, to visit U.S., 61–62

MacArthur's relationship with, 3, 7–9, 70, 278, 287

occupation policy and, 58–61, 94, 238

reparations and, 112, 231

SCAP chain of command and, 92

surrender ceremony and, 34

Wake Island meeting with MacArthur and, 259–60, 290–91

war crimes trials and, 211

West Point and, 6

“Trust Busting in Japan” (Hadley), 234

tuberculosis, as number one killer, 107

Tunney, Gene, 51

“Two Billion Dollar Failure in Japan” (
Fortune
article), 235, 237–39

 

Ueno train station, 50

Uji bomb, 187

ultranationalists, 21, 116

Umezu, Yoshijiro, 38, 41–42, 183, 212, 297

Unit 731, 178, 180–81, 183–87, 192–97, 250, 289, 296

United Kingdom, 42, 59, 64, 72, 93, 144, 174.
See also
Britain

United Nations, 63, 90, 213, 221

Japan's admission to, 263

Korean War and, 254–55, 259

United Press, xvi, 161, 254

U.S. Army, 5.
See also
specific military units

black market and, 226

command responsibility and, 200

food supplies and, 50

Korean War and, 257

troop reductions and, 59, 85–86

U.S. Chemical Corps, 193

U.S. Congress, 86, 223–24, 232, 255–56

MacArthur's address to joint session, 265

MacArthur's testimony to, 269–71, 274–75

U.S. Constitution, 131, 140, 144, 221

U.S. Goodwill Baseball Tour of Japan, 245–47

U.S. House of Representatives

Appropriations Committee, 173

Armed Services Committee, 261

U.S.-Japan Security Pact (1951), 271