Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (47 page)
Read Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World Online
Authors: Gillen D'Arcy Wood
climate change: agriculture and,
216
,
232
; America and,
206
–
17
,
227
–
28
; Arctic and,
121
–
31
,
133
,
146
,
150
,
258n5
; Buffon and,
226
–
28
; cholera and,
86
–
91
,
94
; Crutzen and,
230
,
232
; fossil fuels and,
123
,
226
,
232
; geo–engineering solutions to,
230
–
31
; glaciers and,
152
,
158
,
165
–
70
; global warming and,
123
–
31
,
133
,
146
,
150
,
156
,
228
,
231
,
258n5
; “Great Climate Compromise” and,
215
; human affairs and,
5
–
6
,
8
,
10
; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and,
235
; Ireland and,
180
–
81
,
184
,
195
; Little Ice Age and,
41
; Medieval Warming Period and,
40
; melting ice and,
121
,
127
,
129
–
31
,
138
,
140
,
233
,
258n5
; modern concerns of,
230
–
35
; Pinatubo and,
138
–
39
; refugees and,
216
,
218
; Royal Society and,
121
; scale of threat of,
233
; social consequences of,
24
,
36
,
41
,
61
–
62
,
64
,
67
–
69
,
71
,
86
–
87
,
95
,
98
,
110
,
112
,
117
,
120
,
171
,
180
,
182
,
194
–
95
,
197
,
199
–
200
; Sumbawa and,
24
; Swiss Society for Natural Science and,
157
; trauma from,
59
–
60
,
67
,
71
,
230
–
31
; Venetz and,
157
–
58
,
160
–
68
,
170
; volcanism and
6
,
10
,
26
,
33
–
34
,
43
,
235
,
238n10
; Yunnan and,
119
–
20
Climate of London, The
(Howard),
55
,
58
–
59
Cold War,
3
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor,
39
,
51
,
60
,
70
,
99
colonialism: America and,
205
,
209
–
10
,
212
; Bengal and,
85
,
87
,
93
–
94
; Ireland and,
172
,
191
; Sumbawa and,
17
,
27
,
29
–
30
; typhus and,
183
Committee on Manufactures,
225
Confucianism,
98
,
106
–
7
,
109
–
10
,
114
,
120
Constable, John,
40
,
50
–
51
,
60
,
174
Cook, James,
128
Corbyn, Frederick,
74
Corinne
(de Staël),
34
Cortez, Hernán,
128
Cotopaxi,
34
County Tyrone,
5
,
173
,
181
,
186
,
190
,
193
Crater Lake,
21
Crawfurd, John,
15
Cuvier, Georges,
130
Davis Strait,
132
Davy, Humphry,
34
Day of Judgment,
70
de Staël, Madame,
34
Dickens, Charles,
40
disease: bacterial,
88
–
90
,
184
; Black Death,
94
; children and,
188
; cholera,
9
,
72
–
78
,
81
,
83
–
96
,
123
,
178
,
183
,
230
,
233
,
236
,
246n24
,
246n25
; epidemics,
71
–
75
,
81
,
84
–
96
,
123
,
181
–
97
,
230
,
233
,
236
; fecal matter and,
88
; Great Famine and,
173
,
194
,
198
(
see also
famine
); International Sanitary Conference and,
93
; lice and,
176
,
179
,
181
–
83
; malaria,
76
–
77
; pathogens and,
87
–
90
,
180
,
183
–
84
; plagues,
44
,
78
,
92
,
95
,
183
,
190
–
91
; riots and,
94
; syphilis,
183
; tuberculosis,
77
,
221
; typhus,
9
,
66
,
69
–
70
,
176
,
179
,
181
–
93
,
198
; yellow fever,
183
Drayton, Michael,
212
drinking water,
7
droughts,
9
; America and,
203
,
205
–
6
,
227
–
28
; Bengal and,
82
–
83
,
87
,
89
–
90
; Howard and,
57
; Java and,
24
; Little Ice Age and,
39
; Masters and,
54
; Pinatubo and,
139
–
40
; Scandinavia and,
57
; Yunnan and,
102
,
113
Dublin Evening Post
newspaper,
190
Dublin Royal Society,
132
Duke of Wellington,
12
Dupre, Daniel,
223
Dustbowl,
257n63
Dutch: Bengal and,
79
; cholera and,
86
; Sumbawa and,
13
–
15
,
20
,
24
–
25
,
27
,
29
–
30
,
62
earthquakes,
22
; Byron and,
47
; New Madrid,
34
; Shelley and,
33
earth science: Buffon and,
130
–
31
,
155
,
206
–
16
; Cuvier and,
130
; Humboldt and,
33
Ecuador,
231
Egypt,
44
“Eighteen-Hundred-and-Froze-to–Death,”
9
,
128
,
200
–
206
,
217
Elizabeth, Queen of England,
128
England: Act of Union and,
188
(
see also
Ireland
); Arctic region and,
127
,
129
–
30
,
141
; cholera and,
92
; famine riots and,
61
; Grand Army and,
72
–
76
; Howard’s climate observations and,
55
–
57
,
59
; Little Ice Age and,
34
,
37
,
40
; opium and,
115
–
20
; Pentrich Revolution and,
61
–
62
; Royal Navy and,
20
,
121
–
34
,
141
–
51
; storms and,
60
; Tambora’s effect on,
57
–
60
; typhus and,
253n43
; Waterloo and,
70
,
116
,
148
,
180
; welfare politics in,
197
; Weymouth Bay,
50
Era of Good Feelings,
224
Essay on the Modification of Clouds
(Howard),
55
Evening Post
newspaper,
190
famine,
230
; America and,
205
,
217
,
224
–
25
; Bengal and,
83
;
The Black Prophet
and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
196
; “Bread or Blood” slogan and,
61
; Byron on,
69
; Carleton’s writings and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
192
,
194
–
95
,
196
; children and,
5
,
9
,
23
,
25
,
63
–
65
,
98
,
109
–
14
,
198
; cholera and,
9
; Europe’s last,
60
–
64
; Great Famine (Ireland),
173
,
194
,
198
; Ireland and,
171
–
74
,
176
,
179
–
81
,
182
,
184
–
90
,
193
–
98
; Lord Liverpool’s response to,
62
; media and,
190
; opium and,
115
–
20
; Pentrich Revolution and,
61
–
62
; poetry on,
106
–
15
; Raffles and,
30
–
31
; refugees and,
63
–
64
,
98
,
185
,
187
–
89
; riots and,
9
–
10
,
61
–
62
,
193
–
94
; Russell and,
174
; starvation and,
5
,
9
,
19
,
23
–
24
,
61
–
64
,
69
–
70
,
105
,
112
,
113
–
14
,
138
,
144
–
45
,
148
,
155
,
172
–
73
,
181
,
187
,
189
,
194
,
198
,
205
,
226
,
233
–
34
,
239n14
; Sumbawa and,
24
,
30
; supply and demand effects on,
112
; Switzerland and,
62
–
66
,
69
; Trevelyan and,
174
; typhus and,
9
,
70
; Yunnan and,
102
–
20
fecal matter,
88
floods,
9
; Alps and,
159
–
67
,
169
–
70
; America and,
227
–
28
; Bengal and,
83
; cholera and,
89
–
90
; dykes and,
59
; Howard and,
56
–
57
,
60
;
jökuljlaups
and,
159
,
162
,
170
; Little Ice Age and,
39
; Masters and,
54
; River Dranse and,
159
–
67
; Sumbawa and,
20
; Switzerland and,
46
; Val de Bagnes and,
159
–
68
,
170
; “Year of the Beggar” and,
59
; Yunnan and,
102
,
105
,
107
–
8
,
121
Frankenstein
(Mary Shelley): Arctic and,
146
–
49
,
250n31
; Barrow and,
146
–
48
; as cautionary tale,
234
; cultural significance of,
146
; refugees and,
64
–
66
; Shelley’s inspiration for,
9
,
45
,
53
–
54
,
59
,
65
–
67
,
95
–
96
,
125
,
142
,
146
–
49
,
156
–
57
,
170
,
195
,
197
,
210
,
234