Tecumseh and Brock (38 page)

Chapter 12: York in Flames

1. Jefferson to Madison, 6 November 1812, in Thomas Jefferson,
   The Works of Thomas Jefferson
   :
   Vol. XI Correspondence and Papers 1808–1816
   (New York: Cosimo Inc., 2009), 270–71.
   
2. Henry Adams,
   History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
   (New York: The Library of America, 1986), 593.
   
3. Jon Latimer,
   1812: War with America
   (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 113.
   
4. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
   Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
   , paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 6.
   
5. Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15
   , collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 133–34.
   
6. Ibid.
   
7. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
   Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
   , paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 90–91, 223–24.
   
8. Ibid., 223–224.
   
9. Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15
   , collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 90–91.
   
10. A. T. Mahan,
    The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict,
    vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 39.
    
11. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 128–30.
    
12. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 151–52.
    
13. Walter Borneman,
    1812: The War that Forged a Nation
    (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 103.
    
14. William James,
    A Full and Correct Account of The Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates
    , vol. 1
    (London, 1818), 142.
    
15. Ibid., vol. 1, 145.
    
16. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 132.
    
17. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 153.
    
18. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 132.
    
19. Ibid.
    
20. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 152.
    
21. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress Requesting Authority to Return a Mace to Canada,” May 4, 1934.
    
22. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 133.
    
23. Strachan to Dr. James Brown, 26 April 1813, Strachan Papers, Reel 10,
    MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.
    
24. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 133.
    
25. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 155.
    
26. Ibid., 133.
    
27. Wesley B. Turner,
    British Generals in the War of 1812: High Command in the Canadas
    (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999), 37.
    
28. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 166.
    
29. William James,
    A Full and Correct Account of The Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates
    , vol. 1
    (London, 1818), 170–71.
    
30. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 156.
    
31. Ibid.
    
32. Ibid., 157.
    
33. William James,
    A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates
    (London, 1818), 160.
    
34. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 149.
    
35. G. Auchinleck,
    The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814
    (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 168–70.
    
36. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 149–51.
    
37. Ibid., 154–55.
    
38. Carl Benn,
    The Iroquois in the War of 1812
    (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 115–20.
    

Chapter 13: Tecumseh's Last Days

1. Benjamin Drake,
   Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians
   (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 182.
   
2. Stephen Budiansky,
   Perilous Fight: America's Intrepid War with Britain on the High Seas, 1812–1815
   (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 253–54.
   
3. Benjamin Drake,
   Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians
   (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 188.
   
4. Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15
   , collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 240–41.
   
5. A. J. Langguth,
   Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence
   , paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 261.
   
6. Lucubrations of Humphrey Ravelin
   (London, 1823), 355–56, cited in Carl F. Klinck, ed.,
   Tecumseh: Fact and Fiction in Early Records
   (Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1978), 186.
   
7. Benjamin Drake,
   Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians
   (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 191.
   
8. William F. Coffin,
   1812, the War, and Its Moral: A Canadian Chronicle
   (Montreal, 1864), 226, cited in Carl F. Klinck, ed.,
   Tecumseh: Fact and Fiction in Early Records
   (Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1978), 188.
   
9. Christopher B. Coleman, “The Ohio and the War of 1812,”
   Mississippi Valley Historical Review
   7
   , no. 1 (June 1920): 41.
   
10. A. J. Langguth,
    Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence
    , paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 262.
    
11. John Sugden,
    Tecumseh: A Life
    (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 363.
    
12. Ibid., 122.
    
13. Ibid., 374.
    
14. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 188–89.
    
15. Time
    Specials, August 21, 2008, “America's Worst Vice Presidents.”
    
16. Theodore Roosevelt,
    The Naval War of 1812
    (n.p.: Seven Treasures Publications, 2009; first published 1882 by G. Putnam's Sons), 15.
    

Chapter 14: The Creek War

1. Gregory Evans Dowd,
   A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815
   (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 157.
   
2. Sean Michael O'Brien,
   In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
   (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 24–25.
   
3. Gregory Evans Dowd,
   A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815
   (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 156.
   
4. J. F. Watts and Fred L. Israel, eds.,
   Presidential Documents: The Speeches, Proclamations, and Policies that Have Shaped the Nation from Washington to Clinton
   (New York: Routledge, 2000), 41.
   
5. Sean Michael O'Brien,
   In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
   (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 37–38.
   
6. Gregory Evans Dowd,
   A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815
   (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 185.
   
7. Sean Michael O'Brien,
   In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
   (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 39–40.
   
8. Gregory Evans Dowd,
   A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815
   (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 185.
   
9. James Parton,
   The Life of Andrew Jackson
   , vol. 1
   (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 418.
   
10. Ibid., vol. 1, 423–27.
    
11. A. J. Langguth,
    Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence
    , paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 276.
    
12. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 71.
    
13. David Crockett,
    A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee
    (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 64.
    
14. Ibid., 81.
    
15. Ibid., 82.
    
16. James Parton,
    The Life of Andrew Jackson
    , vol. 1
    (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 439.
    
17. A. J. Langguth,
    Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence
    , paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 279.
    
18. David Crockett,
    A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee
    (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 84–85.
    
19. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 79.
    
20. Ibid., 60.
    
21. James Parton,
    The Life of Andrew Jackson
    , vol. 1
    (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 453.
    
22. David Crockett,
    A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee
    (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 88–89.
    
23. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 84–85.
    
24. Walter Borneman,
    1812: The War that Forged a Nation
    (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 148.
    
25. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 98–99.
    
26. Ibid., 100–101.
    
27. Walter Borneman,
    1812: The War that Forged a Nation
    (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 149.
    
28. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 149.
    
29. James Parton,
    The Life of Andrew Jackson
    , vol. 1
    (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 524.
    
30. Michael D. Green,
    The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis
    (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 43.
    
31. Sean Michael O'Brien,
    In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
    (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 162–63.
    

Chapter 15: Out of the Furnace of War,
an Upper Canadian Identity

1. Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty,
   Canada and Its Provinces
   , vol. 3 (Toronto: Publishers' Association of Canada, 1914), 213.
   
2. Ibid., 210.
   
3. Ibid., 209–10.
   
4. Strachan to Richardson, 30 September 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.
   
5. Strachan to Wilberforce, 1 November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.
   
6. Strachan to Richardson, November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.
   
7. Strachan to Wellesley, 1 November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.
   
8. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
   Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
   , paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 226.
   
9. Prevost to Bathurst, 8 October 1813, State Papers — Lower Canada, No. 91.
   
10. Donald E. Graves,
    Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler's Farm, 1813
    (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), xv.
    
11. James Ripley Jacobs,
    Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
    (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 268–69, 274, 277.
    
12. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 181.
    
13. Ibid., 183.
    
14. Ibid., 185–87.
    
15. Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15
    , collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 249–52.
    
16. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 187–88.
    
17. Ibid., 187.
    
18. James Ripley Jacobs,
    Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
    (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 289.
    
19. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 188.
    
20. Ibid., 189.
    
21. Jon Latimer,
    1812: War with America
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 211, 212; and J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 189–90.
    
22. James Ripley Jacobs,
    Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
    (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 296.
    
23. James Wilkinson,
    Wilkinson: Soldier and Pioneer
    (New Orleans: Rogers, 1935), 231.
    
24. J. Mackay Hitsman,
    The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
    , updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 192.
    
25. James Ripley Jacobs,
    Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
    (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 298–99.
    
26. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
    Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
    , paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 331–32.