Terror in the Balkans (120 page)

45. Germann, “‘Österreichische’ Soldaten in Ost- und Südosteuropa 1941–1945: Deutsche

Krieger—Nationalsozialistische Verbrecher—Österreichische Opfer?,” 120–122.

46. In this and later chapters, the term
insurgent
is used to denote the Germans’

Partisan
and
Chetnik opponents combined. For an introduction to the 1941 Ser-

bian uprising and the German response, see Pavlowitch,
Hitler’s New Disorder:

The Second World War in Yugoslavia
, 49–72. For greater depth, see Walter R.

Roberts,
Tito, Mihailovicánd the Allies, 1941–1945
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers

University Press, 1973), chaps. 1, 2; Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugo-

slav Resistance
, chaps. 2, 3; Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia,
1941–1945: The Chetniks
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), chap. 5; Milovan Djilas,
Wartime: With Tito and the Partisans
(London: Martin Secker

and Warburg, 1977), 3–121; Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to Power: The Com-

munist Party of Yugoslavia,” 123–144; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien

1941–1944
, chap. 3; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, chaps. 1, 2; Geoffrey Swain,
Tito: A Biography
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 33–41.

292
Notes to Pages 83–86

5. isl a nds in a n insurgent se a

1. See Appendix A.

2. Georg Tessin,
Verbände und Truppen der Deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im

Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945
(Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1972–1997), 6:193, 12:149, 202, 222.

3. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1229–1230. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/13/41. Betr.: Personelle und

materielle Ausstattung der Division, p. 3; MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1241. 704. Inf.-Div.

Ib/Ic, 6/13/41. Gesundheitszustands-Meldung nach dem Stande vom 10. Juni 1941.

4. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1317–1318. 704. Inf.-Div. Ic, 5/29/41. Betr.: Stimmungsberi-

chte, p. 1.

5. Ibid., p. 2.

6. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1279. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/5/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 1.

7. Ibid.

8. RW 40/2. Befehlshaber Serbien Ic. Tätigkeitsbericht, 5/25–6/8/41.

9. RW 40/2. Befehlshaber Serbien Ic. Tätigkeitsbericht, 4/24–5/24/41, p. 2.

10. For the 704th see MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1317–1318. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/29/41. Betr.: Stimmungsberichte, p. 2.

11. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1248–1249. OKH Hauptquartier, 4/21/41. Merkblatt über

Plünderung und Beutemachen zu Belehrungszwecken.

12. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1271–1272. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/6/41. Betr.: Ausbildung, p. 2.

13. The German army was not uniformly chivalrous during the 1940 campaign. See

Raffael Scheck,
Hitler’s African Victims: The German Army Massacres of French

Black Soldiers in 1940
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

14. On the role national and regional “initiatives” across Nazi-occupied Europe played

in the emergence of the Final Solution, see Ulrich Herbert, ed.,
National Social-

ist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies

(Oxford: Berg, 2000).

15. Walter Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und

Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1995), 26.

16. Walter Manoschek, “The Extermination of the Jews in Serbia,” in
National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies
,

ed. Ulrich Herbert (Oxford: Berghahn, 2000), 165–166.

17. Ibid.

18. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
40; Manoschek, “The Extermination of the Jews in

Serbia,” 165–166. On the Wehrmacht campaign against the Serbian Jews in 1941,

see Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Juden-

vernichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
35–49, 62–66, 91–108; Christopher R. Browning,

“Harald Turner und die Militärverwaltung in Serbien 1941–1942,”
Verwaltung

contra Menschenführung im Staat Hitlers,
ed. Dieter Rebentisch and Karl Top-

per (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 1986), 351–373; Christopher R. Brown-

ing, “The Final Solution in Serbia. The Semlin Judenlager—A Case Study,”
Yad

Vashem Studies
15 (1983): 55–90; Christopher R. Browning, “Wehrmacht Reprisal

Notes to Pages 86–89
293

Policy and the Mass Murder of Jews in Serbia,”
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
33

(1983): 31–47. The best English-language overview is Manoschek, “The Extermina-

tion of the Jews in Serbia.”

19. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
39.

20. Though the Serbian government then made allowances for Sinti and Roma whose

forefathers had been of fi xed abode since 1850 (ibid., 39).

21. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
26, 38, 62. On the refugees’ murderous treatment later in 1941, see ibid., 62–69, 75–79.

22. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1305. Standortkommandantur Valjevo, 5/19/41.

23. BfZ, Sammlung Sterz. Corporal Gerhard Reichert, tenth company, 70th Infantry

Regiment, 111th Infantry Division, 4/27/41. Reichert is a pseudonym; federal Ger-

man data protection laws prevent the naming of individuals (a) who are still alive, (b)

who died within the last thirty years, or (c) for whom no date of death or proof that

they are still alive could be found, but who were born within the last 110 years. For

this study, individuals for whom no date of birth could be established are also ano-

nymized. Nor are photographs of anonymized individuals reprinted for this study.

24. RW 40–3. Befehlshaber Serbien, Kommandostab 6/27/41. Betr.: Juden in deutschen

Wehrmachtsquartieren.

25. BfZ, Sammlung Sterz. Corporal Ludwig Bauer, 3. Kp. Nachsch. Btl. 563, 4/6/41.

Bauer is a pseudonym.

26. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1295–1296. Anlage 2 zum Befehl 704. Inf.-Div. Ic, 6/2/41.

27. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1306–1308. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/1/41. Betr.: Heeresstreifen.

Throughout this book, the term
divisional command
is taken to mean the divisional operations section. This section was subordinate to the divisional commander and

would have liaised closely with him. Cases of a divisional commander directly issu-

ing orders himself are indicated in the text.

28. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1202–1205. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia/Ic, 6/14/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

29. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
31–32; Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Hitler’s New Disorder: The
Second World War in Yugoslavia
(London: Hurst, 2008), 60.

30. Philip W. Blood,
Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006), 76.

31. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1184. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/20/41. Divisionsbefehl.

32. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1137. IR 724 Ia, 6/21/41. Betr.: Banden- und Freischärler-

Umtriebe.

33. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1110. Höheres Kommando LXV, 6/14/41; Charles D. Melson,

“German Counter-Insurgency Revisited,”
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
24

(2011): 129–132.

34. Tim Judah,
The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 117. On the armistice arrangements of April 1941,

see Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks

(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 73–74.

294
Notes to Pages 89–92

35. In April 1942 the Pecánac Chetniks’ strength stood at 8,745 men. Tomasevich,
War
and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks,
110.

36. Ibid., 122.

37. Matteo J. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
(Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 14–19; Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 115–132.

38. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1256. Generalkommando XI Armeekorps Ia, 5/28/41. Betr.:

Bewachungsaufgaben.

39. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1234. 704. Inf.-Div. Ib, 6/13/41. Fehlbestand-Meldung nach dem

Stand vom 10. Juni 1941 für Waffen und Gerät; MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1233. 704. Inf.-

Div. Ib, 6/13/41. Munitionsbestands-Fehlmeldung nach dem Stand vom 10. Juni 1941.

40. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
26, 30.

41. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1312. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Betr.: Personal für die Aufstellung einer Tragtierstaffel.

42. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1185–1187. 704. Inf.-Div., 6/19/41. Betr.: Nachrichtenmittel der Division.

43. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1200–1201. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Divisions-Tagesbefehl Nr. 2.

44. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 886–888. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 7/21/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

45. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 841–842. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 7/30/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

46. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1200–1201. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Divisions-Tagesbefehl Nr. 2.

47. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1168–1170. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/21/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 3.

48. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1183. Höheres Kommando LXV Ia, 6/20/41. Emphasis in

original.

49. Ibid.

50. Geoffrey Swain,
Tito: A Biography
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 27.

51. Marko Attila Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and
the Chetniks 1941–1943
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 42–43; Swain,
Tito:
A Biography
, 15–26.

52. M. R. D. Foot,
Resistance: An Analysis of European Resistance to Nazism 1940–1945

(London: Eyre Methuen, 1976), 192. On the general beginnings of the Yugoslav Par-

tisan movement in 1941, see Milovan Djilas,
Wartime: With Tito and the Partisans

(London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1977), 3–58; Mark Wheeler, “Pariahs to Par-

tisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,” in
Resistance and Revolu-

tion in Mediterranean Europe 1939–1948,
ed. Tony Judt (London: Routledge, 1989), 128–136; Richard West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia
(London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1996), chaps. 3, 4; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 54–59; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the

Chetniks 1941–1943,
28–92; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 27–36.

53. Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 29–30.

54. Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,” 130.

55. Marko Attila Hoare, “Whose Is the Partisan Movement? Serbs, Croats and the

Legacy of a Shared Resistance,”
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
15, no. 4 (2002):
Notes to Pages 92–95
295

25–27; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 64–65; Swain,
Tito: A
Biography
, 34–35.

56. Klaus Schmider, “Der jugoslawische Kriegsschauplatz,” in
Das Deutsche Reich und
der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band 8. Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den

Nebenfronten
, Karl-Heinz Frieser et al. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007), 1013.

57. On the Catholic Church in the NDH, see Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in

Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
(Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-

versity Press, 2001), 372–368, 522–568.

58. Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,”

129; Judah,
The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
, 126; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–

1943,
21–22.

59. The three hundred thousand fi gure closely corresponds with those offered by

recent scholarly research. See Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia:

The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 23–25. On the problems in accurately

identifying the scale and composition of Yugoslav population losses during World

War II, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation

and Collaboration,
chap. 17. On the Ustasha’s campaign of persecution and killing in 1941 generally, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945:

Occupation and Collaboration
, chap. 9; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s
Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 19–28. For an examination of the role local-level factors played in fueling the campaign, see Tomislav Dulic´,
Utopias
of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
(Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, 2005).

60. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Col-

laboration
, 85–91, 392–397; Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied
Europe
(London: Allen Lane, 2008), 203–204.

61. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks,
132–134.