The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (113 page)

2.
The classical account of this process is P. J. Cain and A. G.
Hopkins, British Imperialism
, 2 vols. (1993). For the emphasis on the speculative and often fraudulent dimension of the City's foreign investment, see
I. R. Phimister
, ‘Corners and Company-Mongering: Nigerian Tin and the City of London’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
28
(2000), 23.

3.
See
S. J. Potter
,
News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876–1922
(Oxford, 2003).

4.
The classic account is in
S. B. Saul
,
Studies in British Overseas Trade
(Liverpool, 1960).

5.
For the ‘Black Indies’, see
W. S. Jevons
,
The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines
(1865).

6.
Calculated by
M. G. Mulhall
,
Dictionary of Statistics
(1892), p. 545.

7.
University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransome Center for the Humanities, J. L. Garvin Papers: Milner to J. L. Garvin, 27 May 1917.

8.
For the most influential exposition of this, see
R. Robinson
and
J. Gallagher
,
Africa and the Victorians
(1961), esp. pp. 471–2.

9.
This is the argument of
A. L. Friedberg
,
The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905
(Princeton, 1988).

10.
See J. Ferris, ‘“The Greatest Power on Earth”: Great Britain in the 1920s’; B. McKercher, ‘“Our Most Dangerous Enemy”: Great Britain Pre-eminent in the 1930s’; and
G. Martel
, ‘The Meaning of Power: Rethinking the Decline and Fall of Great Britain’, all in
International History Review
,
13
(1991).

11.
The grand argument of
J. Gallagher
,
The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire
(Cambridge, 1982).

12.
For an example of this genre, see
A. McClintock
,
Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest
(1995).

13.
B. Porter
,
The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society and Culture in Britain
(Oxford, 2004).

14.
P. J. Jupp, British Politics on the Eve of Reform (1998), p. 338. Sales of the leading London newspapers rose from 16 million per year in 1837 to 31.4 million in 1850. See
J. White
,
London in the Nineteenth Century
(2007), p. 230.

15.
For this lament, see
P. A. Buckner
(ed.),
Canada and the British Empire (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series)
(Oxford, 2008), Introduction.

16.
R. E. Robinson
, ‘The Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration’, in R. Owen and B. Sutcliffe (eds.),
Studies in the Theory of Imperialism
(1972).

17.
Gallagher,
Decline, Revival and Fall
, p. 75.

18.
See
S. Ward
,
Australia and the British Embrace
(Melbourne, 2001).

19.
For the best accounts of this period, see
C. A. Bayly
,
Imperial Meridian
(1989); and the three Presidential Addresses by P. J. Marshall on ‘Britain and the World in the Eighteenth Century’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 1998, 1999, 2000. For a longer perspective, see
B. Simms
,
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783
(2007).

20.
B. R. Mitchell
,
Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 130.

21.
The closing lines of the
Wealth of Nations
.

Chapter 1

1.
C. W. Dilke
,
Greater Britain
(1869).

2.
For Naoroji's views, see
chapter 5
.

3.
PP 1867–8 (197) VI.789, Select Committee on Duties Performed by the British Army in India and the Colonies:
Report, Proceedings
.

4.
Reflected in the appointment of the Royal (Carnarvon) Commission on Colonial Defence 1879–82. Its report (TNA, CAB 7/2–4) was left unpublished.

5.
PP 1837 (425) VII.1,
Report of Select Committee on Aborigines in British Settlements
, p. 3.

6.
For Canning's views and policy,
P. J. V. Rolo
,
George Canning: Three Biographical Studies
(1965), pp. 223–33.

7.
C. K. Webster
,
The Foreign Policy of Palmerston 1830–1841
(1951), II, p. 832: Grey to Palmerston, 23 April 1833.

8.
E. D. Steele
,
Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855–1865
(Cambridge, 1991), p. 293.

9.
Webster,
Palmerston
, I, p. 390.

10.
C. S. Parker,
Sir Robert Peel
, 3 vols. (2nd edn, 1899), III, p. 405: Wellington to Peel, 22 September 1845.

11.
Webster,
Palmerston
, II, p. 848: Palmerston to Melbourne, 26 October 1840.

12.
Parker,
Peel
, III, p. 208: Peel to Wellington, 9 August 1845.

13.
Webster,
Palmerston
, II, p. 842: Palmerston to Melbourne, 8 June 1835.

14.
For a brilliant survey, see
A. Rieber
, ‘Persistent Factors in Russian Foreign Policy’, in
H. Ragsdale
(ed.),
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993).

15.
Webster,
Palmerston
, II, pp. 738–9: Palmerston to J. C. Hobhouse, 14 February 1840.

16.
The French expeditionary force was twice the size of the British.

17.
Henry Clay
,
Speech in Defence of the American System against the British Colonial System
(Washington, 1832), p. 26. Clay had been Secretary of State in 1825–9, and was a senator in 1831–42.

18.
Ibid
., p. 18.

19.
D. W. Meinig
,
The Shaping of America: Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867
(1993), p. 155. Meinig's is a brilliant analysis of the geopolitical issues.

20.
Henry C. Carey,
The Past, the Present and the Future
(1847). Quoted in
D. Ross
,
The Origins of American Social Science
(Cambridge, 1990), p. 46.

21.
R. Bullen
,
Palmerston, Guizot and the Collapse of the Entente Cordiale
(1974), pp. 38–41;
J. S. Galbraith
,
The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor
(Berkeley, 1957), pp. 246, 261.

22.
Southampton University Library Palmerston Papers PP/LE/230 (consulted online), Palmerston to Sir G. C. Lewis, 26 August 1861. 10,000 soldiers were to be sent.

23.
For New York, see
R. G. Albion
,
The Rise of New York Port
(New York, 1939).

24.
See
S. Bruchey
,
Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy 1790–1860
(New York, 1967).

25.
The presence of the other Western powers in East Asia, remarked Disraeli, meant that ‘a system of political compromise has developed itself like the balance of power in Europe’. See
W. C. Costin
,
Great Britain and China, 1833–1860
(Oxford, 1937), p. 228.

26.
See
L. Bethell
,
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade
(Cambridge, 1970).

27.
See PP 1843 (596) XXXV.607,
Correspondence and Return relating to Military Operations in China
.

28.
See the
Appeal on Behalf of British Subjects Residing in and Connected with the River Plate against Any Further Violent Intervention by the British and French Governments in the Affairs of the Country
(1846).

29.
PP 1849 (56) XXXII,
Return of Numbers on 25 January in… 1829, 1835, 1840 and 1847
, p. 93.

30.
See PP 1843 (140),
Return of Numbers…Serving in Great Britain, Ireland and the Colonies 1792, 1822, 1828, 1830, 1835, 1842
.

31.
PP 1834 (570) VI,
Report of Select Committee on Colonial Military Expenditure
, Q.2152 (Sir Rufane Donkin).

32.
Ibid
., Q. 1873 (Sir Lowry Cole).

33.
J. Belich
,
The New Zealand Wars
(Auckland, 1986), ch. 3.

34.
R. Graham
,
Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 1850–1914
(Cambridge, 1972), pp. 107–8; Bethell,
Brazilian Slave Trade
;
R. Miller
,
Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century
(1993), pp. 48–59.

35.
J. Rutherford
,
Sir George Grey
(1961), pp. 470ff.

36.
Parl.Deb
., Third Series, Vol. XLIX, 1391 (6 August 1839).

37.
R. Cobden
,
England, Ireland and America
(1836), p. 11.

38.
J. H. Clapham
,
An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age 1820-1850
(Cambridge, 1939), p. 211.

39.
S. D. Chapman
,
Merchant Enterprise in Britain from the Industrial Revolution to the First World War
(Cambridge, 1992), p. 161.

40.
N. Buck
,
The Development of the Organisation of Anglo-American Trade 1800–1850
(New Haven, 1925), pp. 172–3.

41.
J. Stuart
and
D. McK. Malcolm
(eds.),
The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn
(Paperback edn, Pietermaritzburg, 1986), pp. 40–1.

42.
See
John Langdon
, ‘Three Voyages to the West Coast of Africa 1881–1884’, in
B. Wood
and
M. Lynn
(eds.),
Travel, Trade and Power in the Atlantic 1765–1884
(Cambridge, 2002).

43.
Chapman,
Merchant Enterprise
, p. 69.

44.
Graham,
Britain and Brazil
, ch. 3.

45.
The classic account is
M. Greenberg
,
British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1842
(Cambridge, 1951).

46.
See
D. G. Creighton
,
The Commercial Empire of the St Lawrence
(1937).

47.
See PP 1862 (380) XXXIV.881,
Return of Applications by Commercial Interests for Ships of War to be Sent to Foreign Stations for Protection of British Interests or Commerce
. In the five years (1857–62) covered, there were 102 applications.

48.
C. W. Newbury
,
British Policy Towards West Africa: Select Documents 1786–1874
(Oxford, 1965), p. 120: Lord Palmerston, Minute, 22 April 1860.

49.
PP 1867 (178) XLIV.721,
Return of Number of Vessels-of-War Employed on Foreign and Colonial Service
, p. 5.

50.
E. G. Wakefield
,
England and America
(New York, 1834).