The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (130 page)

40.
For the contemporary view that Britain's population growth was over, see W. K. Hancock,
Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Economic Policy
vol. I, (1940), pp. 156–77.

41.
Except in the Netherlands, Belgium, Britain and the Irish Free State. See W. A. Mackintosh,
The Economic Background to Dominion-Provincial Relations
([1939] Toronto, 1978), p. 110.

42.
Hubbard,
Eastern Industrialization
, p. 340.

43.
For London's dealings with New Delhi, see
I. M. Drummond
,
The Floating Pound and the Sterling Area 1931–1939
(Cambridge, 1981), ch. 2;
B. R. Tomlinson
, ‘Britain and the Indian Currency Crisis 1930–1932’,
Economic History Review
, 2nd series
32
(1979), 88–9.

44.
In Australia and New Zealand, at the lower level of 1.25:1.

45.
See
G. C. Peden
,
The Treasury and Public Policy 1906–1959
(Oxford, 2000), p. 256: the Account was managed ‘on a day to day basis by the Bank’.

46.
For this analysis, see Drummond,
Floating Pound
, pp. 258–9.

47.
See D. Kynaston,
The City of London
, vol. III,
Illusions of Gold
(2000), p. 361.

48.
See R. Self (ed.),
The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters
, vol. III,
The Heir Apparent 1928–1933
(2002), pp. 30–6.

49.
Chamberlain had replaced Philip Snowden as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

50.
Self (ed.),
Chamberlain Diary Letters
, vol. III, pp. 39–40.

51.
For this estimate, see I. M. Drummond,
British Economic Policy and the Empire 1919–1939
(1972), p. 102.

52.
For an example, see L. S. Amery's pamphlet,
Empire and Prosperity
(1930).

53.
What British ministers thought they had got is summarised in their telegram to London, 14 August 1932, printed in I. M. Drummond,
Imperial Economic Policy 1917–1939: Studies in Expansion and Protection
(1974), pp. 290–5.

54.
See
Tim Rooth
,
British Protectionism and the International Economy: Overseas Commercial Policy in the 1930s
(Cambridge, 1992), ch. 4.

55.
Ibid
., pp. 146–56.

56.
Ibid
., pp. 318–19.

57.
P. J. Hugill
,
Global Communications since 1844: Geopolitics and Technology
(Baltimore, 1999), p. 28.

58.
Rooth,
British Protectionism
, p. 320.

59.
League of Nations,
The Network of World Trade
(1942), p. 19. In 1938, Britain absorbed one-sixth of the world's imports, twice as much as the United States. See
T. Rooth
, ‘Britain's Other Dollar Problem: Economic Relations with Canada 1945–1950’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
27
, 1 (1999), 103.

60.
See P. Clavin, ‘Shaping the Lessons of History: Britain and the Rhetoric of American Trade Policy, 1930–1960’, in A. Marrison (ed.),
Free Trade and its Reception 1815–1960: Freedom and Trade
(1998), pp. 287–307.

61.
H. James
,
The End of Globalization
(Cambridge, MA, 2001), p. 48.

62
The National Government won 62.9 per cent of votes and 554 seats in 1931; 54.8 per cent with 432 seats in 1935.

63.
Wales, for example, lost 450,000 people by migration in 1921–39; and London gained 458,000 in 1931–9. See B. Thomas,
Migration and Urban Development
(1972), pp. 181–2.

64.
See R. McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures: English History 1918–1951
(1998), p. 115.

65.
For this, see
Ibid
., p. 68.

66.
For a superb analysis of Baldwin's style and rhetoric, see
P. Williamson
,
Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National Values
(Cambridge, 1999).

67.
See
The Economist
, 1 May 1937.

68.
Newfoundland's status lapsed with bankruptcy in 1933; in Southern Rhodesia, despite wide internal self-government, the Imperial government retained reserved powers over ‘native policy’.

69.
For this complication, see the ‘Report of the Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Legislation,1929, Part V’, quoted in R. M. Dawson,
The Development of Dominion Status 1900–1936
(1936), pp. 381–9.

70.
CAB 23/65, Cab. 51(30), 17 September 1930.

71.
Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. e285: Diary, 3 December 1931.

72.
CAB 23/65, Cab. 51(30), 17 September 1930.

73.
Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c547, Note by Sir M. Gwyer, June 1931.

74.
The Times
, 21 November 1931.

75.
Ibid
.

76.
For the report on the debate, see
The Times
, 25 November 1931.

77.
The Times
, 20 November 1931.

78.
Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c509, Notes on Cabinet meeting after Ottawa, 27 August 1932.

79.
See
P. Rich
,
Race and Empire in British Politics
(Cambridge, 1986), pp. 69–84.

80.
Churchill College, Cambridge, Lord Lloyd of Dolobran Papers, GLLD 17/62, D. O. Malcolm to H. V. Hodson, 6 July 1934. Malcolm was a director of the British South Africa Company and, like Amery, Curtis and Hodson, a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

81.
For Macmillan's disagreements with Curtis, see
D. Lavin
,
From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis
(Oxford, 1995), pp. 235–9.

82.
329 Conservatives supported the bill, and 79 voted against. The bill was carried by 404 to 133.

83.
See S. Ball,
Baldwin and the Conservative Party
(1988), p. 114.

84.
See his speeches at Worcester, May 1933,
The Times
, 1 May 1933; at Manchester in June 1933,
The Times
, 30 June 1933; at the Conservative Central Council (i.e. the annual conference), 4 December 1934, press cutting in Lloyd Papers, GLLD 17/16.

85.
Speech in House of Commons, March 1931,
The Times
, 12 March 1931.

86.
Ibid
.

87.
P. Williamson
and
E. Baldwin
(eds.),
Baldwin Papers: A Conservative Statesman 1908–1947
(Cambridge, 2004), p. 307.

88.
As note 8 above.

89.
For Reading's view that, without an agreed constitution, ‘it will be a case of troops and money from here when we can spare neither’, see his letter to MacDonald, 28 November 1931, Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c539.

90.
See the Union of Britain and India's pamphlet series: between May and August 1933, the UBI issued ten pamphlets and organised forty-three meetings; C. Bridge,
Holding India to the Empire: The British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution
(1986), pp. 100–1.

91.
‘The House of Commons would misunderstand’ a reference to dominion status, said Hoare, the Secretary of State for India, somewhat archly. See Cabinet Committee on India, 15 January 1935, copy in Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c512. For the bargain with Austen Chamberlain, see Bridge,
India
, pp. 117–18.

92.
See
F. W. S. Craig
,
British General Election Manifestos 1918–1966
(Chichester, 1976), p. 8.

93.
Bodl. Mss Edward Grigg, Microfilm 1003, Neville Chamberlain to Edward Grigg, 30 September 1931. I owe this reference to Alex May.

94.
For the usage of race, see the discussion of eugenic concerns in the 1930s in R. A. Soloway,
Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birth-rate in Twentieth Century Britain
(1990).

95.
Siegfried,
England's Crisis
, p. 207.

96.
The phrase is J. C. Smuts’: ‘We of the Dominions are the Newer World.’ Speech, 28 January 1930. See
J. Van Der Poel
(ed.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1973), vol. V, p. 450.

97.
See
W. J. Hudson
and
M. J. Sharp
,
Australian Independence
(Melbourne, 1988), pp. 111–16. The National party opposition insisting on inserting a clause in the parliamentary resolution approving the bill that the Australian parliament, and not just the government, would have to agree to any request for legislation by the Imperial Parliament. See
The Times
, 18 July 1931.

98.
Alexander Turnbull Library, J. G. Coates Papers, MS 1785/041, Note by A. G. Park, Secretary to New Zealand Treasury, 1 July 1931.

99.
The Times
, 13 September 1930. For an authoritative study, see
C. D. Schedvin
,
Australia and the Great Depression
(Sydney, 1970).

100.
See his press statement, 25 September 1930,
The Times
, 26 September 1930.

101.
John T. Lang
,
Why I Fight
(Sydney, 1934), preface, pp. 54, 219.

102.
The Times
, 8 December 1931.

103.
See S. Alomes,
A Nation at Last
(1988), pp. 74–98.

104.
A. W. Martin
,
Robert Menzies: A Life
(Melbourne, 1993), vol.
I
, p. 166.

105.
The Times
, 4 November 1932.

106.
D. Day,
John Curtin: A Life
(2000), p. 346.

107.
A trend broken off by the trade dispute of 1936. See
P. Jones
, ‘Trading in a “Fool's Paradise”? White Australia and the Trade Dispute of 1936’, in
P. Jones
and
V. Mackie
(eds.),
Relationships: Japan and Australia 1870s–1950s
(Melbourne, 2001), pp. 133–62.

108.
Report on Mission to the East,
The Times
, 7 July 1934.

109.
Quoted in
I. Turner
(ed.),
The Australian Dream
(Melbourne, 1968), p. 296.

110.
Turner (ed.),
Australian Dream
, pp. 297–8.

111.
Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c509, Notes on Cabinet meeting after Ottawa, 27 August 1932.

112.
R. Self,
Neville Chamberlain
(2006), p. 84.

113.
See copy in National Archives of Canada, R. B. Bennett Papers, microfilm, M 3176.

114.
Copy in R. B. Bennett Papers, M 1271.

115.
Queen's University, Kingston, Douglas Library, T. A. Crerar Papers, Box 98, Crerar to A. K. Cameron, 10 December 1941.

116.
T. A. Crerar Papers, Box 98, Crerar to Cameron, 23 December 1932.

117.
In the 1931 census, the three prairie provinces had a population of 2,353,529, of whom 1,195,084 were of British origin.
The Times
, 16 June 1933.

118.
J. H. Thompson
,
Forging the Prairie West
(Toronto, 1998), p. 133.