The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (114 page)

51.
From around 10,000 chests in 1830–1 to over 80,000 by the early 1860s. See PP 1865 (94) XL.83,
Return of Opium Exported to China from Central India via Bombay and Bengal, 1830–1864
.

52.
PP 1859 (2571) XXXIII.1,
Correspondence Relative to Lord Elgin's Special Missions to China and Japan, 1857–59
, Clarendon to Elgin, 20 April 1857.

53.
B. R. Mitchell
,
Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 47.

54.
C. Erickson,
Leaving England
, p. 184.

55.
W. S. Shepperson
,
British Emigration to North America: Projects and Opinions in the Early Victorian Period
(Oxford, 1957), p. 201.

56.
P. Burns
,
Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company
(Auckland, 1989).

57.
See
Correspondence with the Secretary of State relative to New Zealand
, published in
The Times
, 21 April 1840.

58.
The Times
, 3 February 1838.

59.
R. G. Wood
,
From Plymouth to New Plymouth
(Wellington, 1959).

60.
For the Kaipara, see
B. Byrne
,
The Unknown Kaipara: Five Aspects of its History, 1250–1875
(Auckland, 2002);
W. Rayburn
,
Tall Spars, Steamers and Gum: A History of the Kaipara from Early European Settlement, 1854–1947
(Auckland, 1999).

61.
Mitchell,
Abstract
, p. 47.

62.
Parl.Deb
., Third Series, Vol. 121, col. 956 (21 May 1852).

63.
Ibid
., Vol. 179, cols. 911–14 (26 May 1865). Cardwell was Colonial Secretary.

64.
E. Elbourne
, ‘Religion in the British Empire’, in S. Stockwell (ed.),
The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives
(2008), p. 139.

65.
I. Bradley
,
The Call to Seriousness
(1976), p. 90.

66.
A. Aspinall
(ed.),
English Historical Documents 1783–1832
(1959), p. 662: ‘Receipts of the Principal Religious Charities in London’,
The Scotsman
, 21 July 1821.

67.
E. Stock,
The History of the Church Missionary Society
, 3 vols. (1899), vol. 1, p. 243.

68.
Stock,
Church Missionary Society
, vol. 1, p. 485.

69.
C. P. Groves,
The Planting of Christianity in Africa
, 3 vols. (1948–60), p. 267.

70.
See
M. Mackinnon
(ed.),
New Zealand Historical Atlas
(Auckland, 1997), Plate 36.

71.
Groves,
Planting of Christianity
, vol. 2, pp. 49, 36.

72.
A. J. Broomhall,
Hudson Taylor and China's Open Century
, vol. I,
Barbarians at the Gates
(1981), chs. 3, 4.

73.
Ibid
., p. 278.

74.
Broomhall,
Hudson Taylor
, vol. II,
Over the Treaty Wall
(1982), p. 161.

75.
Stock,
Church Missionary Society
, vol. I, p. 490.

76.
Bradley,
Call
, p. 141.

77.
Ibid
., p. 78.

78.
The Times
, 15 February 1858.

79.
www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk
, Livingstone to Lord Palmerston, 13 May 1859.

80.
J. Belich
,
Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders
(1996), p. 168; for the request by the chiefs of Bonny in 1848, see
J. F. A. Ajayi
,
Christian Missions in Nigeria 1841–1891
(Ibadan, 1965), p. 56.

81.
Ajayi,
Missions
, p. 29.

82.
A. C. Ross
,
John Phillip (1775–1851): Missions, Race and Politics in South Africa
(Aberdeen, 1986), p. 167: Phillip's journal for 28 March 1842.

83.
Ibid.
, pp. 141, 221.

84.
See
A. Porter
, ‘An Overview: 1700–1914’, in
N. Etherington
(ed.),
Missions and Empire
(Oxford, 2005), p. 51.

85.
Memorial by Aborigine Protection Society to Lord Glenelg (the Colonial Secretary), 3 February 1838. See ‘Early Canadiana Online’ at
www.canadiana.org
.

86.
H. M. Wright
,
New Zealand 1769–1840: Early Years of Western Contact
(Cambridge, MA, 1959), p. 109.

87.
See
M. Fairburn
,
The Ideal Society and its Enemies: The Foundations of Modern New Zealand Society
(Auckland, 1989), Part One.

88.
K. T. Hoppen
,
The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886
(Oxford, 1998), p. 381.

89.
G. Wynn
, ‘Industrialism, Entrepreneurship and Opportunity in the New Brunswick Timber Trade’, in
L. R. Fischer
and
E. W. Sager
(eds.),
The Enterprising Canadians: Entrepreneurs and Economic Development in Eastern Canada, 1820–1914
(St John's, 1979), p. 12.

90.
See
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
(online version).

91.
See
G. Tulchinsky
, ‘The Montreal Business Community, 1837–1853’, in
D. S. Macmillan
(ed.),
Canadian Business History: Selected Studies 1497–1971
(Toronto, 1972), pp. 125–43.

92.
See
Australian Dictionary of Biography
(online version) for details.

93.
See
J. McAloon
, ‘Resource Frontiers, Environment and Settler Capitalism: 1769–1860’, in
E. Pawson
and
T. Brooking
(eds.),
Environmental Histories of New Zealand
(Melbourne, 2002), pp. 52–66;
D. A. Hamer
, ‘Wellington on the Urban Frontier’, in D. A. Hamer and R. Nicholls (eds.),
The Making of Wellington
(1990), p. 247;
J. H. Millar
,
The Merchants Paved the Way
(Wellington, 1956), pp. 37–8.

94.
R. C. J. Stone
,
Makers of Fortune: a Colonial Business Community and its Fall
(Auckland, 1973), p. 9.

95.
See M. D. N. Campbell, ‘The Evolution of Hawke's Bay Landed Society’ (PhD, Victoria University Wellington, 1972), pp. 57–8.

96.
Graphically described in
K. Sinclair
,
The Origins of the Maori Wars
(Wellington, 1957), pp. 58–9.

97.
For an excellent description of commando expansion, see
P. Delius
,
The Land Belongs to Us: The Pedi Polity, the Boers and the British in the Nineteenth Century Transvaal
(Johannesburg, 1983), pp. 30–40, ch. 6.

98.
See
J. Carruthers
, ‘Friedrich Jeppe: Mapping the Transvaal c. 1850–1899’,
Journal of Southern African Studies
29
, 4 (2003), 959.

99.
See
L. Subrahmanian
, ‘Banias and the British: The Role of Indigenous Credit in…Imperial Expansion in Western India’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
21
(1987), 473–510.

100.
D. Kumar
(ed.),
Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. II, c.1757–c.1970
(Cambridge, 1982), p. 916.

101.
See
D. Kolff
,
Naukat, Rajah and Sepoy
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 180ff.

102.
M. Yapp
,
Strategies of British India
(Oxford, 1980), p. 175, for the ‘horseshoe’.

103.
Parl. Deb
., vol. 120, cols. 647ff (5 April 1852).

104.
Ibid
., col. 651.

105.
See PP 1857–8 (59),
Return of Number of Cadetships Conferred by the East India Company and the President of the Board of Control, 1840–57
, p. 2.

106.
The Times
, 6 August 1853.

107.
PP 1847–8 (511) IX.1,
Report of Select Committee on the Growth of Cotton in India
, p. 307; Speech by John Bright at the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 20 June 1853, in
The Times
, 22 June 1853.

108.
See
A. J. Baster
,
The Imperial Banks
(1929), pp. 101–3.

109.
See
C. A. Bayly
,
Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870
(Cambridge, 1996), ch. 9.

110.
For the Mutiny, see
C. A. Bayly
, ‘Two Colonial Revolts: The Java War 1825–1830, and the Indian “Mutiny” of 1857–59’, in "
C. A. Bayly
and
D. H. Kolff
(eds.),
Two Colonial Empires: Comparative Essays on the History of India and Indonesia in the Nineteenth Century
(The Hague, 1986), pp. 111–35;
S. David
,
The Indian Mutiny
(2002);
F. Robinson
, ‘The Muslims of Upper India and the Shock of the Mutiny’, in his
Islam and Muslim History in South Asia
(New Delhi, 2000), pp. 138–55.

111.
PP 1867 (478) VII.197, 553,
Select Committee to Inquire into the Duties of the British Army in India and the Colonies: Report, Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence
, p. 327: Minute by Lord Dalhousie, 13 September 1854.

112.
Graham,
Britain and the Modernization of Brazil
, chs. 1–3.

113.
See
P. Gootenburg
,
Between Silver and Guano: Commercial Policy and the State in Postindependence Peru
(Princeton, 1989).

114.
Chapman,
Merchant Enterprise
, pp. 203–4.

115.
C. Trocki
,
Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control
(2006), pp. 14–15.

116.
Trocki,
Singapore
, p. 24.

117.
Opium made up 33 per cent of Chinese imports in 1868, cotton goods 29 per cent:
F. E. Hyde
,
Far Eastern Trade 1860–1914
(1973), p. 217; for legalisation, see
S. T. Wang
,
The Margary Affair and the Chefoo Agreement
(Oxford, 1940), p. 120.

118.
N. Pelcovits
,
The Old China Hands and the Foreign Office
(New York, 1948), pp. 35, 42.

119.
Pelcovits,
Old China Hands
, p. 42.

120.
Y. P. Hao
,
The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China
(1986), p. 355.

121.
See PP 1877 (5),
Report and Statistical Tables Relating to Emigration and Immigration, 1876
, Table XIII.

122.
Dilke,
Greater Britain
(1869), p. vii.

123.
For the debate on the motives behind Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws, see
B. Hilton
, ‘Peel: A Reappraisal’,
Historical Journal
,
22
(1979);
B. Hilton
,
The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought 1785–1865
(Oxford, 1988);
A. C. Howe
, ‘Free Trade and the City of London c.1820–1875’,
Economic History Review
, New Series, 77, 251 (1992);
C. Schonhardt-Bailey
,
From the Corn Laws to Free Trade: Interests, Ideas and Institutions in Historical Perspective
(Cambridge, MA, 2006).