The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (118 page)

76.
Lo Hui-min
(ed.),
The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison
,
2
vols. (Cambridge, 1976), vol. I, p. 22: Morrison to J. O. P. Bland, 17 January 1898.

77.
R. A. Dayer,
Finance and Empire: Sir Charles Addis, 1861–1945
(1988), p. 37.

78.
C.-K. Leung
,
China: Railway Patterns and National Goals
(Hong Kong, 1986), Appendix 1.

79.
University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Books Library, J. O. P. Bland Mss (Microfilm) reel 1: Bland to Burkhill, 13 April 1903 (I owe this to Robert Bickers).

80.
F. H. H. King
,
The Hong Kong Bank in the Period of Imperialism and War, 1875–1918
(Cambridge, 1988), pp. 345–6, 378, 404.

81.
Morrison Correspondence
, vol. I, p. 241: Morrison to Bland, 9 December 1903.

82.
N. Pelcovits
,
The Old China Hands and the Foreign Office
(New York, 1948), p. 270;
L. K. Young
,
British Policy in China 1895–1902
(Oxford, 1970), p. 170.

83.
King,
Hong Kong Bank
, pp. 4–11.

84.
Ibid
., p. 263.

85.
R. A. Dayer,
Finance and Empire: Sir Charles Addis 1861–1945
(1988), p. 57.

86.
J. O. P. Bland Mss, Reel 15, Addis to Bland, 28 March 1906. At this stage, Addis was the London manager of the Hong Kong Bank and in close touch with the Foreign Office.

87.
King,
Hong Kong Bank
, p. 432.

88.
For a contemporary lament along these lines, see J. O. P. Bland,
Recent Events and Present Policies in China
(1912).

89.
Dayer,
Finance and Empire
, p. 63.

90.
King,
Hong Kong Bank
, p. 517.

91.
For the general setting, see
L. Bethell
(ed.),
Spanish America after Independence c.1820–c.1870
(Cambridge, 1987), chs, 1, 2; Tulio Halperin Dongi,
The Contemporary History of Latin America
(new edn, 1993), ch. 4, offers a brilliant survey.

92.
See
F. B. Pike
,
Spanish America 1900–1970: Tradition and Social Innovation
(New York, 1973), pp. 15–18; J. Moya,
Cousins or Brothers: Spanish Immigration to Buenos Aires 1850–1930
(1998), pp. 50–1.

93.
For this argument, see
D. C. M. Platt
, ‘Dependency and the Historian: Further Objections’, in
C. Abel
and
C. M. Lewis
(eds.),
Economic Imperialism and the Latin American State
(Cambridge, 1985), p. 36.

94.
Mitchell,
Abstract
, pp. 322–23.

95.
For this figure, see
I. Stone
, ‘British Long-Term Investment in Latin America, 1865–1913’,
Business History Review
,
42
, 3 (1968), 311–39. In his
The Global Export of Capital from Britain 1865–1914
(Basingstoke, 1999), p. 351, the figure for ‘capital called’ (i.e. raised publicly on the Stock Exchange) is c.£800 million.

96.
See
D. C. M. Platt
(ed.),
Business Imperialism: An Inquiry Based on British Experience in Latin America
(Oxford, 1977).

97.
Bodl. Mss Bryce 267. This was Bryce's draft of his subsequent book on his Latin American travels.

98.
See
R. Graham
,
Great Britain and the Onset of Modernisation in Brazil
(Cambridge, 1968), pp. 90–1.

99.
See D. Joslin,
A Century of Banking in Latin America
(1963), pp. 39–42.

100.
H. Blakemore,
British Nitrates and Chilean Politics, 1886–1896: Balmaceda and North
(1974).

101.
For Pearson, see D. J. Jeremy (ed.),
Dictionary of Business Biography
5 vols. (1984–6); G. Jones, ‘Weetman Pearson’,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
;
F. Katz
,
The Secret War in Mexico
(Chicago, 1981).

102.
For the Bolivar Railway, see L. V. Dalton,
Venezuela
(1912), pp. 172, 255.

103.
D. C. M. Platt,
Latin America and British Trade
(1972), p. 298.

104.
See
R. Miller
, ‘The Grace Contract: British Bondholders and the Peruvian Government, 1885–1890’,
Journal of Latin American Studies
8
, 1(1976), 73–100.

105.
M. Zeitlin
,
The Civil Wars in Chile
(Princeton, 1984), p. 80.

106.
P. R. Calvert
,
The Mexican Revolution of 1910–1914: The Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict
(Cambridge, 1968), p. 20.

107.
P. Winn
, ‘Britain's Informal Empire in Uruguay in the Nineteenth Century’,
Past and Present
,
73
(1976), 112.

108.
Platt,
British Trade
, p. 294.

109.
Winn, ‘Informal Empire’, p. 112.

110.
Graham,
Brazil
, p. 66.

111.
Carlos F. Diaz Alejandro,
Essays in the Economic History of the Argentine Republic
(1970), ch. 1.

112.
United States Department of Commerce
,
Railways in South America
,
2
vols. (Washington DC, 1926), vol. I, p. 13.

113.
Platt,
British Trade
, pp. 288–9.

114.
Department of Commerce,
Railways
, vol. I, p. 35.

115.
Ibid
., p. 60.

116.
W. P. McGreevey
,
An Economic History of Colombia 1845–1939
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 97.

117.
Bodl. Mss Milner 2: Dawkins to Milner, 4 January 1892.

118.
Ibid
.: Dawkins to Milner, 30 July 1893.

119.
Graham,
Brazil
, pp. 102–5.

120.
Ferns,
Britain and Argentina
, pp. 446ff.; Kynaston,
Golden Years
, ch. 21.

121.
Zeitlin,
Chile
, p. 99.

122.
Mss Milner 2, Dawkins to Milner, 16 October 1893.

123.
Ferns,
Britain and Argentina
, p. 468.

124.
For the concept of ‘structural power’, see S. Strange,
States and Markets
(1988), ch. 2;
A. G. Hopkins
, ‘Informal Empire in Argentina’,
Journal of Latin American Studies
,
26
(1994), 469–84.

125.
Zeitlin,
Chile
, p. 116.

126.
Kynaston,
Golden Years
, p. 85.

127.
Graham,
Brazil
, pp. 103–5; N. Ferguson,
The World's Banker: A History of the House of Rothschild
(1998), pp. 869–71.

128.
Joslin,
A Century of Banking
, p. 111.

129.
Bodl. Mss Milner 2, Dawkins to Milner, 4 January 1892.

130.
Calculated from Sargent,
Seaways
.

131.
Ibid
., p. 104. Eighty-five per cent of outward cargoes to Brazil were coal.

132.
C. R. Enock,
The Republics of Central and South America
(1913), p. 497.

133.
J. R. Scobie,
Argentina: A City and a Nation
(1971), p. 32.

134.
Moya,
Cousins or Brothers
, p. 173.

135.
M. Wilkins
,
A History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1989), p. 157.

136.
Calvert,
Mexican Revolution
, p. 22: Minute by Sir Edward Grey, 23 August 1910.

137.
Jones, ‘Business Imperialism and Argentina’, p. 440.

138.
Moya,
Cousins or Brothers
, p. 364.

139.
Enock,
Republics
, p. 497.

140.
R. Bickers
, ‘Shanghailanders: The Formation and Identity of the British Settler Community in Shanghai, 1843–1937’,
Past and Present
,
159
, (1998), 179–80.

141.
J. Barnes and D. Nicholson (eds.),
The Leo Amery Diaries
, Vol. I,
1896–1929
(1980), p. 47: L. S. Amery to Milner, 20 June 1903.

142.
See T. O. Ranger,
Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896–97 (1967)
, chs. 2, 3;
I. R. Phimister
,
Wangi Kolia: Coal, Capital and Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe 1894–1954
(Johannesburg, 1994).

Chapter 4

1.
See
J. S. Martell
, ‘Intercolonial Communications, 1840–1867’, in
G. A. Rawlyk
(ed.),
Historical Essays on the Atlantic Provinces
(Toronto, 1967), p. 177.

2.
Earl Grey
,
The Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell's Administration
[1853] (repr. New York, 1971), pp. 34–5.

3.
See
J. Mouat
, ‘Situating Vancouver Island in the British World, 1846–49’,
BC Studies
,
145
(2005), 25.

4.
Thus the powerful voice of the railway promoter Edward Watkin in 1861 proclaimed Canada's future as ‘a great British nation…extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific’.
A. A. Den Otter
,
The Philosophy of Railways: The Transcontinental Railway Ideal in British North America
(Toronto, 1997), p. 113.

5.
An idea most fully developed in J. A. Froude,
Oceana
(1887).

6.
That it sold 80,000 copies in its first three years may be an indication of this. See
J. Parry
,
The Politics of Patriotism: English Liberalism, National Identity and Europe, 1830–1886
(Cambridge, 2006), p. 342.

7.
There were several variants to describe Canada's links with Britain: this was the commonest.

8.
Speech in Canadian Parliament, 8 February 1865, in
P. B. Waite
(ed.),
The Confederation Debates in the Province of Canada, 1865
(Toronto, 1963), p. 79.

9.
See
G. F. G. Stanley
,
The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions
[1936] (Toronto, 1961).

10.
See
W. L. Morton
,
Manitoba: A History
(Toronto, 1957).

11.
See M. L. Hansen and J. B. Brebner,
The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples
(1940), vol. I, pp. 183–4.

12.
See
G. Stewart
,
The Origins of Canadian Politics
(Vancouver, 1986). The classic study of Macdonald remains
D. Creighton
,
John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician
(Toronto, 1952) and
D. Creighton
,
John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain
(Toronto, 1955).

13.
See R. W. Cox, ‘The Quebec General Election of 1886’ (Master's thesis, McGill University, 1948).