The Fall of Carthage (73 page)

Polybius
3.
35.
1-8,
Livy
21.
22.
5-24.
1;
distance
to
the
Ebro,
Polybius
3.
39.
6; crossing
the
Ebro
in
three
columns,
Livy
21.
23.
1.

Caven
(1980),
pp.
98-101.

Polybius
3.
35.
6-8,
Livy
21.
23.
1-6;
the
Carpetani,
Livy
21.
23.
4.

Polybius
3.
42.
1-4,
Livy
21.
24.
2-5,
26.
6-27.
1.
Importance
of
boundaries
in
tribal warfare,
see
Caesar,
Bellum Gallicum
2.
17,
6.
23.

Polybius
3.
42.
S-43.
12,
Iivy
21.
27.
2-28.
4.

Polybius
3.
44.
4,45.
6-12,
livy
21.
28.
5-12,
also
mentions
an
alternative
version.

Polybius
3.
44.
3-13,
Livy
21.
29.
1,
30.
1-31.
1.

Polybius
3.
41.
4-9,
Livy
21.
26.
3-5.

Polybius
3.
45.
1-5,
Livy
21.
29.
1-7.

See
M.
Austin
and
B.
Rankov,
Exploratio
(London,
1995),
esp.
pp.
12-86
.

Polybius
3.
45.
5,
47.
1-5,
Iivy
21.
30.
1-31.
5.

Polybius
3.
49.
5-13,
Livy
21.
31.
1-12.

Polybius
3.
50.
1-51.
13,
Livy
21.
32.
6-33.
11.

Polybius
3.
52.
1-53.
10,
Livy
21.
34.
1-35.
1.

Polybius
3.
54.
5-55.
9,
Livy
21.
36.
1-37.
6;
the
story
of
the
vinegar,
21.
37.
2-3; importance
of
wide-ranging
knowledge
for
a
commander,
Polybius
9.
12.
1-20.
10; examples
of
ingenuity
by
other
generals,
e.g.
Josephus,
Bellum Judaicum
3.
271-81.

Times
for
the
journey,
Polybius
3.
56.
3.
Earlier
he
mentions
that
it
took
nine
days
to reach
the
summit
of
the
first
pass,
3.
53.
9.
Fifteen
days
certainly
seems
inadequate considering
the
number
of
days'
rest
Polybius
mentions.

Polybius
3.
60.
8-10.
For
a
discussion
of
Hannibal's
supply
problems
see
J.
Shean, 'Hannibal's
mules:
the
logistical
limitations
of
Hannibal's
army
and
the
battle
of
Cannae, 216
BC',
Historian
(1996),
pp.
159-187.

Polybius
3.
61.
1-12,
Livy
21.
39.
3-10.

On
the
speeches
and
gladiatorial
fight
see
Polybius
3.,
Livy
21.
40.
1-44.
9;
the
promise of
citizenship
21.
45.
5-6.
For
a
discussion
of
the
single
combats
see
L.
Rawlings, 'Warriors
in
a
soldier's
war',
in
Cornell,
Rankov
8c
Sabin
(1996),
pp.
81-95,
esp.
p.
89.

Fluidity
of
cavalry
combat,
see
Dio
56.
32,
Tacitus
Annals
6.
35.
On
the
four-horned saddle
see
P.
Connolly,
'The
Roman
Saddle',
in
M.
Dawson
(ed.),
Roman Military Equipment: The Accoutrements
of
War,
BAR
336
(Oxford,
1987),
pp.
7-27.

Accounts
of
Ticinus
see
Polybius
3.
64.
1-65.
11
8c
10.
3.
3-6,
Livy
21.
45.
1^16.
10.

Polybius
3.
66.
1-8,
Livy
21.
47.
1-8.

Polybius
3.
66.
9-68.
8,
Livy
21.
48.
1-8.

Polybius
3.
68.
9-15,
Livy
21.
51.
5-7.
For
a
discussion
see
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
55-6.

Polybius
3.
69.
1-14;
his
praise
of
Hannibal's
decision
not
to
fight,
69.
12-13;
Livy
21. 48.
9-10,
52.
1-11.

Polybius
3.
70.
1-12,
Livy
21.
53.
1-11.

C.
Duffy,
Austerlitz
(London,
1977),
p.
72.

Accounts
of
Trebia,
see
Polybius
3.
71.
1-74.
11;
numbers
72.
2,
7-8,11-13;
elephants 72.
9,
74.
2.
Livy
21.
54.
1-56.
8;
numbers
55.
2-4;
elephants
55.
2,
7-56.
1.
Polybius 3.
74.
1
implies
that
Mago's
troops
were
mainly
Numidians.
For
a
discussion
see Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
55-58,
P.
Connolly,
Greece and Rome at War
(London,
1981), pp.
168-171,
J.
Kromayer
&
G.
Veith,
Antike Schlachtfelder in Italien undAfrika
(Berlin,
1912),
III.
1,
pp.
47-99,
and
H.
Delbriick
(trans.
W.
Renfroe),
History
of
the Art
of
War. Volume 1: Warfare in Antiquity
(Nebraska,
1975),
pp.
333-4.