The Fiery Trial (62 page)

37.
Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 720; Gienapp,
Origins
, 416.

38.
John Mack Faragher,
Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie
(New Haven, 1986), 177–80, 221; Arthur C. Cole,
The Era of the Civil War, 1848–1870
(Springfield, Ill., 1919), 27, 75; Andrew R. L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf,
The Midwest and the Nation
(Bloomington, Ind., 1990), 37–38; David C. Klingaman and Richard K. Vedder, eds.,
Essays in Nineteenth Century Economic History: The Old Northwest
(Athens, Ohio, 1975), 25–28;
CW
, 2: 415. The jury proved unable to agree on a verdict and the case was not retried, so Lincoln’s client did not have to pay damages.

39.
Fehrenbacher,
Prelude
, 5–8; Olivier Frayssé,
Lincoln, Land, and Labor, 1809–60
, trans. Sylvia Neely (Urbana, Ill., 1994), 137;
New York Evening Post
, September 22, 1858.

40.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 103–48;
CG
, 30th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 518–19; 34th Congress, 3rd Session, 11.

41.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 186–225.

42.
Elizabeth B. Clark, “‘The Sacred Rights of the Weak’: Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America,”
JAH
, 82 (September 1995), 463–93; Philip S. Paludan, “Lincoln and Negro Slavery: I Haven’t Got Time for the Pain,”
JALA
, 27 (Summer 2006), 1–23; Julian,
Speeches
, 8; Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy
, 223;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 202–6;
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 4: 11–13;
CW
, 2: 320; 4: 8.

43.
Richard Carwardine,
Lincoln
(London, 2003), 91, 269–72; Foner,
Free Soil
, 108–9; Joshua R. Giddings to Sidney Howard Gay, March 3, 1858, GP;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 224;
CW
, 2: 255; 3: 334.

44.
Robert C. Winthrop Jr.,
A Memoir of Robert C. Winthrop
(Boston, 1877), 188; Henry G. Pearson,
The Life of John A. Andrew
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 1 01–3; Foner,
Free Soil
, 41–44.

45.
CW
, 2: 156, 320; Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy
, 125.

46.
CW
, 2: 362, 494; 3: 313; 4: 10–11;
Speech of R. W. Thompson, Upon the Political Aspects of the Slavery Question
(Terre Haute, 1855), 6.

47.
David Herbert Donald,
“We Are Lincoln Men”: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends
(New York, 2003), 79; Paul M. Angle, ed.,
Herndon’s Life of Lincoln
(New York, 1949), 294–95; Carl F. Wieck,
Lincoln’s Search for Equality
(DeKalb, Ill., 2002), 18–22; Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
, 51; Robert Bray, “What Abraham Lincoln Read—An Evaluative and Annotated List,”
JALA
, 28 (Summer 2007), 50.

48.
Willard L. King,
Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 126–29;
CW
, 3: 355–56; Charles Francis Adams to Francis Bird, October 16, 1854, Letterbooks, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

49.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 424, 456; Roy F. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 27; King,
Lincoln’s Manager
, 103, 155–56; Lew Wallace,
Lew Wallace: An Autobiography
(2 vols.; New York, 1906), 1: 73–76; Moore and Moore,
His Brother’s Blood
, 129.

50.
CW
, 2: 435–36, 458; Lincoln to Charles H. Ray, June 6, 1858, Papers of Abraham Lincoln (available online in New Document Discoveries section, website of Papers of Abraham Lincoln); Abraham Smith to Lincoln, May 31 and June 4, 1858; Ward Hill Lamon to Lincoln, June 9, 1858; Owen Lovejoy to Lincoln, August 4, 1858, all in ALP; Hans L. Trefousse, “Owen Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War,”
JALA
, 22 (Winter 2001), 15–32.

51.
Chicago Daily Tribune
, July 15, 1858;
CW
, 2: 482.

52.
CW
, 2: 385; 3: 423.

53.
Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Boston, 1863), 353;
Liberator
, June 8, 1860.

54.
Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters (Supplementary) of John Murray Forbes
(3 vols.; Boston, 1905), 1: 167–78; Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes
(2 vols.; Boston, 1899), 1: 153–55, 185.

4
“A House Divided”

1.
Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
(New York, 1978), 2–4, 324–49; Lea VanderVelde,
Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life on Slavery’s Frontier
(New York, 2009), xiv;
CG
, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 75; J. R. Pole,
The Pursuit of Equality in American History
(2nd ed.; Berkeley, 1993), 182–84; Mark A. Graber,
Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil
(New York, 2006), 57–59.

2.
New York Times
, March 7, 1857; Eric Foner and Olivia Mahoney,
A House Divided: America in the Age of Lincoln
(New York, 1990), 60.

3.
Michael Vorenberg, “Abraham Lincoln’s ‘Fellow Citizens’–Before and After Emancipation,” in William A. Blair and Karen F. Younger, eds.,
Lincoln’s Proclamation: Emancipation Reconsidered
(Chapel Hill, 2009), 151–52; Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, 64–70; James H. Kettner,
The Development of American Citizenship,
1608–1870
(Chapel Hill, 1978), 256–59; Noah Webster,
An American Dictionary of the English Language
(4th ed.; New York, 1830), 148; Graber,
Dred Scott
, 29–56.

4.
Anglo-African Magazine
, 1 (May 1859), 149–50;
Cleveland Leader
, March 27, 1857;
Chicago Daily Tribune
, April 10, 1857; Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1970), 293; Charles W. Smith,
Roger B. Taney: Jacksonian Jurist
(Chapel Hill, 1936), 173;
Springfield Republican
, April 13, 1858.

5.
Springfield Republican
, March 11, 1857; Kenneth M. Stampp,
America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
(New York, 1992), 105–8; Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters (Supplementary) of John Murray Forbes
(3 vols.; Boston, 1905), 1: 190.

6.
James F. Simon,
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession and the President’s War Power
(New York, 2006), 133–38;
CW
, 2: 391, 398–99.

7.
CW
, 2: 448.

8.
CW
, 2: 398–410; Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, 406–8.

9.
Richard K. Crallé, ed.,
Works of John C. Calhoun
(6 vols.; Charleston, S.C., 1851–55), 1: 507–8; Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene Genovese,
Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders’ New World Order
(New York, 2008), 8–21, 80–81; Merrill D. Peterson,
The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind
(New York, 1960), 164–65; Paul M. Angle, ed.,
Herndon’s Life of Lincoln
(New York, 1949), 294–95;
CW
, 3: 204–5.

10.
Isaac N. Arnold,
The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery
(Chicago, 1866), 122–26;
CW
, 2: 405–9.

11.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 131; Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Crusader
(Philadelphia, 1953), 225–28;
CW
, 2: 430; Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, January 3, 1858, ALP.

12.
Horace White,
The Life of Lyman Trumbull
(Boston, 1913), 87; Elihu B. Washburne to Lincoln, May 2, 1858, ALP; Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s
(Stanford, 1962), 54–63;
Proceedings of the Republican State Convention, Held at Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858
(Springfield, Ill., 1858), 8.

13.
CW
, 2: 446, 461–69.

14.
Frederick Douglass,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(Hartford, 1882), 300; William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence, Kans., 2007), 94; John L. Scripps to Lincoln, June 22, 1858, ALP; Robert V. Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York, 1991), 146;
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 943;
Speech of Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Delivered at the Republican Mass Meeting in Cincinnati, August 21, 1855
(Columbus, Ohio, 1855), 8; Solomon Foot,
Reasons for Joining the Republican Party
(New York, 1855), 6. The phrase “ultimate extinction” does not appear in Lincoln’s
Collected Works
before the House Divided speech, except in a “fragment” that appears to be an early draft of that address.
CW
, 2: 453.

15.
David Zarefsky,
Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery
(Chicago, 1990), 44;
CW
, 3: 17; Theodore Parker,
A Sermon of the Dangers Which Threaten the Rights of Man in America
(Boston, 1854), 27; Harvey Wish,
George Fitzhugh, Propagandist of the Old South
(Baton Rouge, 1943), 151.

16.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 94–102;
Ohio State Journal
, March 11, 1857; George E. Baker, ed.,
The Works of William H. Seward
(5 vols.; New York, 1853–84), 4: 294; John L. Scripps to Lincoln, July 3, 1858, ALP; Thomas J. Davis, “
Napoleon v. Lemmon
: Antebellum New Yorkers, Antislavery, and Law,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 33 (January 2009), 27–46;
Chicago Tribune
, October 13, 1857;
New York Times
, April 21, 1860;
New York Tribune
, April 21, 1860;
CW
, 3: 548n.

17.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 70–72; Baker,
Works of William H. Seward
, 4: 289–92.

18.
Baker,
Works of William H. Seward
, 4: 122, 226–27, 311–12, 333; Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
(New York, 1967), 204–9;
CW
, 3: 356–57; 4: 50.

19.
Paul M. Angle, ed.,
Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
(Chicago, 1958), 14–21.

20.
CW
, 2: 487–501; 3: 254–55.

21.
Zarefsky,
Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery
, 46–48; Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America
(New York, 2008), 102; Waldo W. Braden,
Abraham Lincoln: Public Speaker
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 23–35;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, August 23, 1858; Willard L. King,
Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 122.

22.
Fehrenbacher,
Prelude
, 104–9;
CW
, 3: 3, 111, 268; Zarefsky,
Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery
, 52–53, 156–60; Carl Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
(3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 98–99; James G. Blaine,
Twenty Years of Congress
(2 vols.; Norwich, Conn., 1884), 1: 147–49; Allen C. Guelzo, “Houses Divided: Lincoln, Douglas, and the Political Landscape of 1858,”
JAH
, 94 (September 2007), 391. The only other issue mentioned with any frequency in Republican correspondence in 1858 was Lincoln’s conduct as a congressman during the Mexican War.

23.
Leander Munsell to Lincoln, August 16, 1858, ALP;
CW
, 3: 1–29; Zarefsky,
Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery
, 56.

24.
Joseph Medill to Lincoln, August 27, 1858, ALP;
CW
, 3: 39–40.

25.
CW
, 3: 43, 51–52, 295; Angle,
Created Equal?
, 58–59; Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York, 1973), 670–71.

26.
Joseph Medill to Lincoln, August 27, 1858; Jediah F. Alexander to Lincoln, August 5, 1858, both in ALP.

27.
CW
, 3: 145–46, 179.