The Fiery Trial (73 page)
72.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 2: 773–75; Palmer,
Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2: 273, 279.
73.
McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 287–95;
Liberator
, November 11, 1864, January 13 and February 3 and 10, 1865;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, May 20, 1865.
74.
“Colloquy with Colored Ministers,”
Journal of Negro History
, 16 (January 1931), 88–94;
CP
, 5: 6–7.
75.
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 71.
76.
John C. Robinson to Lincoln, February 1, 1865, ALP; John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
(New York, 1907), 231;
CW
, 8: 325.
77.
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 69–70, 159; Celia E. Naylor,
African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens
(Chapel Hill, 2008), 222–23.
78.
Nicholas B. Wainwright, ed.,
A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834–1871
(Philadelphia, 1967), 499.
E
PILOGUE
“Every Drop of Blood”
1.
Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York, 1962), 233–35; Gabor S. Boritt,
The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows
(New York, 2006), 121; Isaac N. Arnold,
The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery
(Chicago, 1866), 628.
2.
Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York, 1988), 71–72.
3.
CW
, 8: 332–33.
4.
Thomas A. Bayard to Samuel L. M. Barlow, March 12, 1865, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL.
5.
CW
, 8: 282, 332–33.
6.
Benjamin Barondess,
Three Lincoln Masterpieces
(Charleston, W. Va., 1954), 84; Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–75), 2: 190;
Chicago Tribune
, March 6, 1865, quoting its editorial of August 12, 1862.
7.
CW
, 8: 333; Mark Neely Jr., “The Constitution and Civil Liberties under Lincoln,” in Eric Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
(New York, 2008), 54–57;
CW
, 8: 217, 308, 319–20; Beverly W. Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
(2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 281.
8.
William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Last Months
(Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 142; Barondess,
Three Lincoln Masterpieces
, 68; Ronald C. White,
Lincoln’s Greatest
Speech: The Second Inaugural
(New York, 2002), 116–19; Nicholas Parillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War,”
CWH
, 46 (September 2004), 227–54; Gary S. Smith,
Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush
(New York, 2006), 91–99;
CW
, 5: 403–4.
9.
CW
, 4: 482; 6: 155–56, 332, 497, 535–36; 7: 533; 8: 55; Lucas E. Morel,
Lincoln’s Sacred Effort: Defining Religion’s Role in American Self-Government
(Lanham, Md., 2000); Richard Carwardine, “Lincoln’s Religion,” in Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln
, 223–48; Mark A. Noll, “‘Both…Pray to the Same God’: The Singularity of Lincoln’s Faith in the Era of the Civil War,”
JALA
, 18 (Winter 1997), 1–26.
10.
Frederick Douglass’s
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(Hartford, 1882), 444–45, presents Douglass’s later recollection of his meeting with Lincoln after the speech. Henry Clay Warmoth, an army officer from Illinois and later Reconstruction governor of Louisiana, who was present, took note in his diary of the encounter and of Lincoln’s words. Henry Clay Warmoth Diary, March 4, 1865, Henry Clay Warmoth Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
11.
Barondess,
Three Lincoln Masterpieces
, 89; Harris,
Lincoln’s Last Months
, 149; White,
Lincoln’s Greatest Speech
, 183–94;
New York Times
, April 17, 1865; Worthington C. Ford, ed.,
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Boston, 1920), 2: 257;
CW
, 8: 356; Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds.,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(4 vols.; New York, 1952), 3: 561.
12.
CW
, 8: 360–61.
13.
A. A. Hoehling and Mary Hoehling,
The Day Richmond Died
(San Diego, 1981), 202–7, 240–42; Edwin S. Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861–1865
(New York, 1992), 175–78; R. J. M. Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester: Black Civil War Correspondent
(Baton Rouge, 1989), 3, 294–97; Palmer,
Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2: 282.
14.
CW
, 8: 386–89; Charles H. Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
(Chapel Hill, 1937), 254–58.
15.
CW
, 8: 405–6; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 794; George W. Julian,
Political Recollections, 1840–1872
(Chicago, 1884), 254;
WD
, 2: 279.
16.
New York World
, April 13, 1865; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 182; Philip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 305.
17.
CW
, 399–405; Peyton McCrary,
Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment
(Princeton, 1978), 5–7;
CP
, 5: 17.
18.
Jerome Mushkat,
The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 1861–1874
(Rutherford, N.J., 1981), 65; Palmer,
Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2: 283–85; R. F. Fuller to Charles Sumner, April 13, 1865, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University;
New York Times
, April 13, 1865.
19.
New York World
, April 13, 1865;
Independent
, April 13, 1865;
Chicago Tribune
, April 8 and 14, 1865; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 2: 803.
20.
CP
, 1: 528–30; 5: 15–16; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman,
Stanton:
The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York, 1962), 357–58;
WD
, 2: 281.
21.
WD
, 2: 298; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 2: 819–25;
New York World
, April 17, 1865.
22.
Independent
, April 20, 1865; Boritt,
Gettysburg Gospel
, 173–87; David W. Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
23.
“Reconstruction,”
North American Review
, 100 (April 1865), 556.
24.
New York Times
, April 17, 1865.
25.
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 176–280.
26.
Andrew Ward,
The Slaves’ War
(Boston, 2008), 253; “Abraham Lincoln: A Speech,” (ca. December 1865), Frederick Douglass Papers, LC.
27.
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 9: 427.
28.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2615; Lydia Maria Child to George W. Julian, April 8, 1865, Giddings-Julian Papers, LC.
29.
Henry Cowles to John Pierpont, March 6, 1863, ALP.
E
RIC
F
ONER,
DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, is one of this country’s most prominent historians. He received his doctoral degree at Columbia under the supervision of Richard Hofstadter. He has served as president of the three major professional organizations: the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Society of American Historians.
Professor Foner’s publications have concentrated on the intersections of intellectual, political, and social history, and the history of American race relations. His books include
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(1970; reissued with new preface 1995);
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
(1976);
Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy
(1983);
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(1988) (winner, among other awards, of the Bancroft Prize, Parkman Prize, and Los Angeles Times Book Award);
The Story of American Freedom
(1998); and
Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World
(2002). His survey textbook of American history,
Give Me Liberty! An American History
and a companion volume of documents,
Voices of Freedom
, appeared in 2004 and are revised regularly. His most recent books are
Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction
(2005), and
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
(2008), an edited collection of original essays. His books have been translated into Chinese, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.
Eric Foner has also been the co-curator, with Olivia Mahoney, of two prize-winning exhibitions on American history:
A House Divided: America in the Age of Lincoln
, which opened at the Chicago Historical Society in 1990, and
America’s Reconstruction: People and Politics after the Civil War,
which opened at the Virginia Historical Society in 1995 and traveled to several other locations.
Eric Foner is a winner of the Great Teacher Award from the Society of Columbia Graduates (1991), and the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University (2006). He was named Scholar of the Year by the New York Council for the Humanities in 1995. He is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the British Academy, and holds an honorary doctorate from Iona College. He has taught at Cambridge University as Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions, Oxford University as Harmsworth Professor of American History, Moscow State University as Fulbright Professor, and at Queen Mary, University of London as Leverhulme Visiting Scholar. He serves on the editorial boards of
Past and Present
and
The Nation
, and has written for the
New York Times
,
Washington Post
,
Los Angeles Times
,
London Review of Books
, and many other publications, and has appeared on numerous television and radio shows, including
Charlie Rose
,
Book Notes
,
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
,
The Colbert Report
,
Bill Moyers Journal
,
Fresh Air
, and
All Things Considered
, and in historical documentaries on PBS and the History Channel. He has lectured extensively to both academic and nonacademic audiences.