The Fiery Trial (66 page)

9.
OR
, ser. 2, 1: 752; Louis S. Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865
(Westport, Conn., 1973), 11–13;
Harper’s Weekly
, February 9, 1861; Edward L. Pierce,
Emancipation and Citizenship
(Boston, 1898), 20–23.

10.
Pierce,
Emancipation and Citizenship
, 20–23;
Harper’s Weekly
, June 8, 1861; Kate Masur, “‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’: The Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States,”
JAH
, 93 (March 2007), 1054–59; Silvana R. Siddali,
From Property to Person: Slavery and the Confiscation Acts, 1861–1862
(Baton Rouge, 2005), 51–53; Christopher Dell,
Lincoln and the War Democrats
(Rutherford, N.J., 1975), 65;
New York Herald
, May 30, 1861;
Chicago Tribune
, June 5, 1861.

11.
Pierce,
Emancipation and Citizenship
, 24–25;
OR
, ser. 2, 1: 750, 755;
Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War
(5 vols.; Norwood, Mass., 1917), 1: 112–13.

12.
Private and Official Correspondence
, 1: 116–17, 183–88; Montgomery Blair to Benjamin F. Butler, May 30, 1861, Benjamin F. Butler Papers, LC;
Cleveland Gazette
, May 30, 1861;
New York Herald
, May 31, 1861;
OR
, ser. 2, 1: 754–55; Meltzer and Holland,
Lydia Maria Child
, 401–2.

13.
William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln and Presidential Leadership,” in James M. McPherson, ed.,
“We Cannot Escape History”: Lincoln and the Last Best Hope of Earth
(Urbana, Ill., 1995), 71–73;
CW
, 4: 421–41; Philip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 81–82.

14.
Wainwright,
Philadelphia Perspective
, 396;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, June 22, 1861; Henry F. Brownson, ed.,
The Works of Orestes A. Brownson
(20 vols.; Detroit, 1882–87), 17: 143; Chandra Manning,
What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War
(New York, 2007), 40–41;
CW
, 4: 421–41. This, it is worth noting, was one of the very few times in his career that Lincoln used the word “democracy” other than to refer to the rival political party, the Democracy. Almost always, Lincoln spoke not of democracy but self-government.

15.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 4 (August 1861), 497;
New York Herald
, July 7 and 9, 1861;
Harper’s Weekly
, July 6, 1861.

16.
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 24, 32.

17.
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 222, 265; William E. Gienapp,
Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America
(New York, 2002), 88; James G. Blaine,
Twenty Years of Congress
(2 vols.; Norwich, Conn., 1884), 1: 341; Michael S. Green,
Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War
(New York, 2004), 145.

18.
Harper’s Weekly
, August 17, 1861;
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 119, 141, 143, 186, 190; Garrett Davis to Lincoln, August 4, 1861, ALP.

19.
Siddali,
From Property to Person
, 3;
New York Times
, June 1, 1861;
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 217–19; Blaine,
Twenty Years
, 341–43; George P. Sanger, ed.,
The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America
, vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), 319. The Confederacy had already acted to confiscate debts due to northerners. In response to the Union’s Confiscation Act, the Confederate Congress authorized the seizure of all property of enemy aliens, which included citizens of the United States and southerners loyal to the Union. Daniel W. Hamilton,
The Limits of Sovereignty: Property Confiscation in the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War
(Chicago, 2007), 86–92.

20.
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 412; Siddali,
From Property to Person
, 78–81; Robert Fabrikant, “Emancipation and the Proclamation: Of Contrabands, Congress, and Lincoln,”
Howard Law Review
, 49 (Winter 2006), 322–25; Edward McPherson,
The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion
(2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 195;
New York Times
, September 16, 1861.

21.
Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman,
Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York, 1962), 231–32;
OR
, ser. 2, 1: 760–62;
Private and Official Correspondence
, 1: 185–87, 207, 215;
CW
, 4: 478; Chester G. Hearn,
When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans
(Baton Rouge, 1971), 35; John E. Wool, Special Order on Payment of Colored Contrabands, October 14, 1861; Charles Calvert to Lincoln, August 3, 1861, both in ALP; Edna Medford, “Abraham Lincoln and Black Wartime Washington,” in Linda N. Suits and Timothy P. Townsend, eds.,
Papers from the Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Lincoln Colloquia
(Springfield, Ill., n.d.), 120–22; Sarah J. Day,
The Man on a Hilltop
(Philadelphia, 1931), 254.

22.
John C. Frémont to Lincoln, July 30, 1861, ALP; Frederick J. Blue,
No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics
(Baton Rouge, 2005), 256; Paludan,
Presidency
, 86–88.

23.
Carnahan,
Act of Justice
, 7–8, 12–13, 16–18; David Herbert Donald,
“We Are Lincoln Men”: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends
(New York, 2003), 58; Joshua F. Speed to Lincoln, May 19, 1860, and September 1 and 3, 1861; Robert Anderson to Lincoln, September 13, 1861; J. F. Bullitt et al. to Lincoln, September 13, 1861, all in ALP;
CP
, 3: 92–93.

24.
Paludan,
Presidency
, 125;
CW
, 4: 506, 518; Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, September 4, 1861, ALP; Pamela Herr and Mary Lee Spence, eds.,
The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont
(Urbana, Ill., 1993), 245–46. In her recollection of the meeting written in 1891, Frémont also claimed that Lincoln remarked that the war was for the Union and her husband “should never have dragged the negro” into it. Ibid., 264–67.

25.
Charles A. Jellison,
Fessenden of Maine
(Syracuse, 1962), 138; John Bigelow,
Retrospections of an Active Life
(5 vols.; New York, 1909–13), 1: 362–63; William Salter,
The Life of James W. Grimes
(New York, 1876), 153; Brownson,
Works of Orestes A. Brownson
, 17: 173–74; Frank Freidel, ed.,
Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 1: 162–63.

26.
James M. McPherson,
Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief
(New York, 2008), 52;
New York Herald
, October 6, 1861;
New York Times
, September 16, 1861; Henry Jones to Lincoln, September 24, 1861; Charles Reed to Lincoln, September 24, 1861; W. McCaully to Lincoln, September 20, 1861, all in ALP.

27.
John L. Scripps to Lincoln, September 23, 1861, ALP.

28.
Orville H. Browning to Lincoln, September 17, 1861, ALP;
CW
, 4: 531.

29.
Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Dispatches from Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard
(Lincoln, Neb., 2002), 33–34.

30.
Springfield Weekly Republican
, September 21, 1861; Walter M. Merrill, ed.,
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
(6 vols.; Cambridge, Mass., 1971–81), 5: 17, 35;
Liberator
, September 20, 1861;
Weekly Anglo-African
, September 22, 1861; Benjamin F. Wade to Zachariah Chandler, September 23, 1861, Zachariah Chandler Papers, LC.

31.
James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, 1964), 51–63, 75–80; Freidel,
Union Pamphlets
, 1: 102–4; William Dusinberre,
Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 1856–1865
(Philadelphia, 1965), 131–33; David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
(New York, 1970), 15–16, 29;
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 6: 12, 38–39, 56; Richard W. Thompson to Lincoln, October 6, 1861, ALP.

32.
George Bancroft to Lincoln, November 15, 1861, ALP;
CW
, 5: 26.

33.
J. Thomas Scharf,
History of Delaware, 1609–1888
(2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1888), 1: 329–30; William H. Williams,
Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639–1865
(Wilmington, 1996), xiii–xvii, 88–89, 173; Patience Essah,
A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865
(Charlottesville, 1996), 6, 105–11;
CG
, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, 1488.

34.
Williams,
Slavery and Freedom
, 174–75; H. Clay Reed, “Lincoln’s Compensated Emancipation Plan and Its Relation to Delaware,”
Delaware Notes
, 7 (1931), 38–40;
CW
, 5: 29–30.

35.
Margaret M. R. Kellow, “Conflicting Imperatives: Black and White American Abolitionists Debate Slave Redemption,” in Kwame A. Appiah and Martin Bunzl, eds.,
Buying Freedom: The Ethics and Economics of Slave Redemption
(Princeton, 2007), 200–12;
Baltimore Sun
, May 29, 1862.

36.
Peter Tolis,
Elihu Burritt: Crusader for Brotherhood
(Hamden, Conn., 1968), 245–61;
Chicago Tribune
, August 27, 1857; Merle Curti, ed.,
The Learned Blacksmith: The Letters and Journals of Elihu Burritt
(New York, 1937), 118–21.

37.
Stanley Harrold,
The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861
(Lexington, Ky., 1995), 119, 129; Daniel R. Goodloe,
Emancipation and the War: Compensation Essential to Peace and Civilization
(Washington, D.C., 1861), 1–5; Autobiography, Daniel R. Goodloe Papers, Manuscripts Department, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

38.
BD
, 1: 512; Joshua F. Speed to Lincoln, September 3, 1861, ALP.

39.
Reed, “Lincoln’s Compensated Emancipation Plan,” 38–55;
New York Tribune
, February 11, 1862;
Peninsular News and Advertiser
(Milford, Del.), January 31 and February 14, 1862; Essah,
House Divided
, 167–69; Williams,
Slavery and Freedom
, 175.

40.
Albert Mordell, ed.,
Lincoln’s Administration: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles
(New York, 1960), 234, 250;
WD
, 1: 150; Charles A. Barker, ed.,
Memoirs of Elisha Oscar Crosby
(San Marino, 1945), 76–90; Ambrose W. Thompson to Lincoln, April 11, 1861, ALP. The majority of Lincoln scholars have found it difficult to take seriously Lincoln’s embrace of colonization; they either ignore the subject or simply deny that Lincoln actually meant what he said. For a discussion of the place of colonization in his career, see Eric Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in Eric Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
(New York, 2008), 135–66.

41.
Chicago Tribune
, June 5, 1861;
Private and Official Correspondence
, 1: 130;
BD
, 1: 478; Thomas Schoonover, “Misconstrued Mission: Expansionism and Black Colonization in Mexico and Central America during the Civil War,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 49 (November 1980), 611–12.

42.
Mordell,
Lincoln’s Administration
, 102–3; Ninian W. Edwards to Lincoln, August 9, 1861; Francis P. Blair Sr. to Lincoln, November 16, 1861, both in ALP;
CW
, 4: 547, 561; Roy F. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 112;
WD
, 1: 150.

43.
CW
, 5: 39, 48; G. S. Boritt, “The Voyage to the Colony of Lincolnia: The Sixteenth President, Black Colonization, and the Defense Mechanism of Avoidance,”
Historian
, 37 (August 1975), 619; Alfred N. Hunt,
Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 186;
New York Herald
, December 4, 1861.

44.
New York Times
, December 4, 5, and 7, 1861;
Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette
, December 21, 1861;
African Repository
, 37 (December 1861), 12.