The First Ladies of Rome: The Women Behind the Caesars (65 page)

55
Barrett (1996), 27 on Agrippina’s pregnancy.

56
Tacitus,
Annals
1.69.

57
Tacitus,
Annals
3.33.

58
Tacitus,
Annals
3.34.

59
See Santoro L’hoir (1994).

60
Tacitus,
Annals
1.69.

61
Tacitus,
Annals
2.41. See Flory (1998) on the presence of women at Roman triumphs, esp. 491–2 on Germanicus’s triumph.

62
Tacitus,
Annals
2.42.

63
Kokkinos (2002), 17 and 43.

64
Wood (1999), 145 on this notion.

65
Tacitus,
Annals
2.59.

66
C. B. Rose (1997), 24–5.

67
Wood (1999), 217–37 on Agrippina’s portrait types. On curly hair and fertility, see Wood (1999), 130–1 and 228.

68
Tacitus,
Annals
1.33 and 2.43.

69
Das Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre
: see Griffin (1997), 253. See also Tacitus,
Annals
4.12.

70
Josephus is our source for this story, although he gives slightly different versions of it
in the
Antiquities
(17.1.1) and in the
Jewish War
(1.28.6): in the latter, Livia is actually the go-between for Salome’s request to Herod that she be allowed to marry Syllaeus, but Salome is then forced to marry Herod’s choice, Alexas, against her will.

71
Tacitus,
Annals
2.34.

72
Tacitus,
Annals
4.22.

73
See Fischler (1994), 126f on attitudes to women’s interference in the judicial process.

74
Tacitus, Annals 2.43 and 2.55

75
Tacitus,
Annals
2.71–75.

76
Tacitus,
Annals
2.82; 3.3 and 3.6.

77
Tacitus,
Annals
3.10–15.

78
On the discovery of the tablet, see Eck, Caballos and Fernández (1996); also Griffin (1997), 249–50, and the review of Eck, Caballos and Fernández by Harriet Flower, in
Bryn Mawr Classical Review
97.7.22.

79
See Griffin (1997), 258 and Flower (2006), 250 on Tacitus’s factual accuracy; also Kokkinos (2002), 38.

80
Tacitus,
Annals
3.17.

81
Trans. M. Griffin (1997), 252: lines iii-120.

82
See also the
Consolatio ad Liviam
47–50 for the repetition of the same idea.

83
C. B. Rose (1997), 26 on the arch marking a milestone for women; see also Flory (1998), 491–2; and Kokkinos (2002), 37–9.

84
Trans. M. Griffin (1997), 253: lines 136–146. I have amended the translation of ‘Livia’ here to make clear it refers to Germanicus’s sister Livilla.

85
Tacitus,
Annals
3.4,

86
Drusus Minor’s son Tiberius Gemellus was the fourth possible contender, though see Tacitus,
Annals
4.3 where Tiberius claims he would now call on Germanicus’s sons to provide him with support during his rule.

87
Tacitus,
Annals
4.12.

88
Barrett (2002), 172.

89
I concur with Wood (1999), 109, who argues that this is indeed a portrait of Livia and not a personification: cf. Barrett (2002), 93.

90
C. B. Rose (1997), 28.

91
Wood (1999), 209 on forms of transportation for women; Flory (1987), 119 on accumulation of Vestals’ honours.

92
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
57.12.6 on people saying Livia’s bullying had driven Tiberius to Capri; Tacitus,
Annals
4.57 for alternative that it was Sejanus’s intriguing that compelled him to go.

93
Suetonius,
Tiberius
51.

94
Tacitus,
Annals
4.52; cf. Suetonius,
Tiberius
53 on Agrippina saying more than was wise about her husband’s death.

95
My own translation of Suetonius,
Tiberius
53; same line quoted in Tacitus,
Annals
4.52.

96
Tacitus,
Annals
4.53.

97
Tacitus,
Annals
4.54. See Barrett (2002), 98 on Agrippina’s being placed under house arrest.

98
See Treggiari (1975).

99
First World War veteran Henry Allingham, who died in 2009 at the age of 113, put his longevity down to ‘whisky and wild women’, while port was said to have featured heavily in the diet of Jeanne Calment, the world’s oldest woman before her death in 1997 at the age of 122. On the diet and the satirical treatment of the elderly, see Parkin (2002), 253. On Livia’s love for Pucine wine, see Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
14.8.

100
See Barrett (2002), Appendix 5 on Livia’s birth date and death date.

101
Velleius Paterculus, 2.130; cf. Suetonius,
Tiberius
51 and Tacitus,
Annals
5.1.

102
Davies (2000), 103.

103
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
58.2. See Barrett (2002), 188f on Livia’s benefactions.

104
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
58.2; also Cassius Dio,
Roman History
54.35.5 and Flory (1993), 305–6 on Octavia’s and Livia’s funeral honours. Tacitus,
Annals
5.2
on rejection of deification for Livia.

105
Caligula and Nero were descendants of Augustus through Agrippina Maior, daughter of Julia; Claudius was linked to Augustus only through his grandmother Octavia.

106
See Wood (1999), 121–2 on the Lepcis Magna example.

107
Barrett (2002), 223.

108
See Claudian,
Epithalamium
10, on the marriage of the Emperor Honorius and Maria, whereby the groom gave the bride some of Livia’s jewels; discussed later in chapters four and nine.

109
Tacitus,
Annals
5.1.

110
Tacitus,
Annals
5.3.

111
Tacitus,
Annals
5.4; 6.23; Suetonius,
Tiberius
53.

112
Staley (1965), 10; Duffy (1995), 212.

113
Hicks (2005a), 45–6.

114
The Gentleman’s Magazine
, 28 December 1800. See Flora Fraser (1986),
Beloved Emma: The Life of Lady Emma Hamilton
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson), 276–8 on this episode.

115
Tacitus,
Annals
6.26.

116
Tacitus,
Annals
5.3.

117
Josephus,
Antiquities
18.181–2.

118
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
58.11.3–7. Tacitus,
Annals
4.11 on Apicata’s role. See Wood (1999), 181–4 on Livilla’s death.

119
Tacitus,
Annals
6.2. On Livilla as the first, see Kleiner (2001), 49–50. On
damnatio memoriae
generally, see Flower (2006), Elsner (2004) and Varner (2001) and (2004).

4
Witches of the Tiber: The Last of the Julio-Claudian Empresses

1
A description of Livia in a review of the BBC’s
I, Claudius
by Gerald Clarke, in
Time
magazine, Monday 14 November 1977: cited in Joshel (2001), 153.

2
Charlotte Brontë,
Jane Eyre
(1847), 338 (Penguin Classics).

3
Tacitus,
Annals
14.9.3.

4
See D’Arms (1970), 134ff on the attractions of the Bay of Naples.

5
Suetonius,
Augustus
64.2, on the letter to L. Vinicius: ‘You were very ill-mannered to visit my daughter at Baiae’.

6
On the fishpond, see Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
9.172. On Antonia’s inheritance of the villa, see d’Arms (1970), 68–9. On the identification of Bauli as Bacoli, and the location of Antonia’s villa, see D’Arms (1970) 181, and Kokkinos (2002), 153.

7
Suetonius,
Nero
5.

8
Suetonius,
Tiberius
75.

9
Suetonius,
Caligula
23; cf. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
58.7.

10
Suetonius,
Caligula
27; 32; 37; on death of Tiberius, see
Caligula
12; cf.
Tiberius
73 for alternative version.

11
Suetonius,
Caligula
15; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
59.3.3–5. The inscription from Agrippina’s ash cist has been recovered from the mausoleum: illustration in Kokkinos (2002), 29, fig. 18.

12
C. B. Rose (1997), 32.

13
C. B. Rose (1997), 33: on personifications of
Securitas, Concordia
and
Fortuna
.

14
Suetonius,
Caligula
15 and
Claudius
11.2. See Flory (1993), 123–4 on evidence for posthumous conferral of the title, and the evolving meaning of
Augusta
throughout the early imperial period.

15
On Junia Claudilla, see Suetonius,
Caligula
12; on Livia Orestilla, Lollia Paulina and the birth of Julia Drusilla, see Suetonius,
Caligula
25; on Caesonia, see Cassius Dio,
Roman History
59.23.7 and Suetonius,
Caligula
25.

16
See Wood (1999), 211. On promiscuity, incest and poisoning reflecting anxieties about queenship throughout the ages, see Hunt (1991), 123; also Heller (2003).

17
See C. B.
Rose (1997), 35–6.

18
Kokkinos (2002), 36.

19
Suetonius,
Caligula
23.

20
On Agrippina Minor’s and Julia Livilla’s exile, see Cassius Dio,
Roman History
59.22.8. On Caesonia’s murder, see Josephus,
Antiquities
19.2.4.

21
Suetonius,
Claudius
10.

22
Suetonius,
Claudius
11; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
60.5.2. See Flory (1995) on the deification of Roman women.

23
Barrett (1996), 84 on Passienus Crispus’s estate.

24
Claudius had two children by his first marriage, a son who died in an accident, and a daughter, Claudia, whom he disowned after his divorce from the child’s mother. Claudia Antonia, his daughter by Aelia Patina, was banished during Nero’s reign after refusing to marry the emperor in the wake of Poppaea’s death.

25
Messalina’s mother Domitia Lepida Minor was the daughter of Antonia Minor’s elder sister Antonia Maior. Messalina’s father Marcus Valerius Messala Barbatus was the son of another daughter of Octavia’s, Claudia Marcella Minor.

26
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
60.22.2 and Suetonius,
Claudius
17. On Messalina at Claudius’s triumph, see Flory (1998), 493.

27
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
60.12.5.

28
Juvenal,
Satires
6.117; cf. Wyke (2002), 325, n. 6.