The First Ladies of Rome: The Women Behind the Caesars (77 page)

Betjeman, John, 274

Biblioteca Classense, Ravenna, 297

Bithynia, 202, 250, 279

Black Sea, 69, 91

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 35

De claris mulieribus
, 4

Boleyn, Anne, 4 Bona Dea, 30, 76

temple, 76, 94

Bonaparte, Letizia, 263

Boniface, 297, 300, 303

Borgia, Lucrezia, 4, 62

Boudicca, Queen, 164, 180

breast-feeding, 18

Britain, 127, 158, 164, 201, 211, 234–5, 255, 258, 273–4, 283, 289

Britannicus, 127, 130, 134, 138, 140, 142, 147

Brontë, Charlotte:
Jane Eyre
, 119

Brundisium, 23, 25, 36, 86, 87, 106, 116, 120, 122, 212, 258

Bruttia Crispina, 215

Brutus, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 29

Burrus (Afranius Burrus), 140, 142, 147, 148, 151

Burton, Richard, 35

Bute, Earl of, 116

Byron, Lord, 275

Bywaters, Frederick, 4

Byzantine Empire, 313–14

Caecilia, 52

Caecilia Trebulla, 204

Caecilius Metellus, 59, 60

Caecina, 174

Caelian hill, 144, 206, 263

Caelius Rufus, 21

Caenis, 4–5, 95, 117, 168–70, 17l, 185–6

Caesarea, 161

Caesarea Philippi, 163–4

Caesarion, 34

Caesonia (Milonia Caesonia), 123, 124, 139

Caligula

calls Livia
Ulixes stolatus
, 12, 114

as a child, 100, 101, 120

as candidate for succession, 110, 116, 121

delivers eulogy for Livia, 114

becomes emperor, 121

reign, 121–4, 160–1

assassination, 124

failure to nominate heir, 125

brief references, 136, 139, 173, 202, 253

Callistus, 130, 136

Calpurnius Piso
see
Piso

Calvisius, 148, 149

Cambridge University: Museum of Classical Archaeology, 1–2

Campania, 111, 112, 200

Campus Martius, Rome, 84, 199

Canova, 263

Capitol, Rome, 232

Capitoline hill, Rome, 74, 168, 273

Capitoline Museum, Rome, 154, 263

Cappadocia, 213

Capri, 84, 112, 115, 117, 121, 122

Caracalla (formerly known as Bassianus)

birth, 221

renaming, and nickname, 225

given title of
Augustus
, 227

marries Plautilla, 228

and death of Plautianus, 233

banishes Plautilla, 233

antipathy towards his brother Geta, 233–4

goes to Britain, 234

death of his father, and truce with Geta, 235

feud with Geta, 236

and death of Geta, 237–8

reign of, 238–9

death, 239

Domna’s reaction to death of, 240

brief references, 216, 217, 218, 231, 241, 246

Caratacus, 139

Carnuntum, 222

Carrhae, 239

Carthage, 261, 313

Cassius, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 29

Cassius Apronianus, 195

Cassius Dio, 61, 123, 150, 195, 199, 216, 221, 228, 229, 233, 234–5, 237, 240, 241, 244

Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome, 205

Catherine de Medici, 4, 218

Catherine the Great, 4

Cato the Elder, 38, 172

Catulus, 48

Celadus, 95

celibacy, 260–1, 292

Ceres, 93, 137, 181, 194, 209

Cerinthus, 203

Cestius Gallus, 163

Chalcedon, Council of, 311

Chalcis, 161

Champagne, 311

Charmion, 45

Chatsworth House, 263

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 35

childbirth, 16–17

children’s upbringing, 17–19, 51–3
see also
education

Christianity, 183, 219, 249, 251, 254, 257–8, 258–9, 260, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 276, 280, 281, 283, 290, 292

Christina of Sweden, 218

Chrysaphius, 304, 307, 308

Church of the Ascension, Jerusalem, 267, 306

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 269

Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 267

Cicero, 13, 16, 20, 21, 29, 31, 34, 42, 52, 55, 171

Circe, 62

Circus Maximus, Rome, 226

Claudia, 26

Claudia Antonia, 126

Claudia Marcella Maior, 64

Claudia Octavia, 6, 126, 135, 138, 146, 147, 150, 162, 181, 182

Claudia Pulchra, 112

Claudian, 286, 288

Claudian family (Claudii), 12, 13, 22, 28, 40

Claudius

portrayed in work of Robert Graves, 2

writings of, 6

birth, 94

attitude of Livia and Antonia towards, 96, 97

childhood, 96–7

disabilities, 96, 97

meets procession led by Agrippina with ashes of Germanicus, 87, 120

as candidate for succession, 121

becomes emperor, 124–5

lacks support from senatorial classes, 125

orders deification of Livia, 125

bestows title on his deceased mother, 125

recalls nieces from exile, 125–6

first two marriages, 126

marries Messalina, 126

birth of children, 126

tries to win over sceptics, 126–7

conquers Britain, 127

vetoes bestowal of title of
Augusta
on Messalina, 127

and Messalina’s sexual behaviour, 128

atmosphere of paranoia and suspicion at court of, 128–9

and banishment of Julia Livilla, 129

perceived as puppet, 129–30

and death of Asiaticus, 131

and Messalina’s relationship with Silius, 132, 133

and death of Messalina, 133

in ancient accounts of Messalina’s downfall, 135

marries Agrippina Minor, 136–7

adopts Nero, 138

and Caratacus, 139

and public unrest, 140

stages mock naval battle, 140

last years, and death, 142

divine cult, 144

and Julius Agrippa, 160, 161

brief references, 3, 62, 75, 98, 141, 143, 145, 147, 159, 163, 182, 270

Claudius Pompeianus, 213

Cleander, 222

Cleopatra

willing to work with Rome, 34

affair with Julius Caesar, 34

relationship with Antony, 24, 34–6, 37, 41

projects her image across her kingdom, 39

depicted on Antony’s coinage, 41

and Donations of Alexandria, 41

portrayal in Roman accounts, 35–6, 42–3

and Antony’s will, 43

at war with Octavian, 43–4

defeat at Actium, 12, 35, 44

death, 44–5

Poppaea compared with, 149–50, 165

and Berenice, 171, 173, 175, 186

brief references, 21, 40, 46, 55, 57, 58, 62, 89, 94, 103, 121–2, 218, 250

Cleopatra
(film), 35

Cleopatra Selene, 36

Clodia Metelli, 21

Clodius, 21

Clodius Albinus, 223, 224

Cloelia, 20, 21

Cluvius Rufus, 146

Coel, King, 273, 274

coins, 24–5, 33–4, 39, 41, 66, 93, 111, 122, 125, 136–7, 144, 146, 181, 182–3, 185, 194, 205, 208, 209, 211, 226, 235, 236, 245, 246, 262, 282–3, 291, 298, 301, 305, 309

Colchester, 273

Cologne, 271
see also
Ara Ubiorum; Colonia Agrippinensis

Colonia Agrippinensis, 139

Colosseum, Rome, 167, 176

Colossus of Memnon, 103, 187–8, 203, 204, 227

Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, 210

Commagene, 96, 187, 203

Commodus, 1, 189, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 225, 243, 251

Concordia
, 78

Consolatio ad Liviam
, 75, 94

Constans, 262, 277

Constantia (wife of Gratian), 279, 302

Constantia (wife of Licinius), 258

Constantina, 262, 278, 279

Constantine

birth, 251

and lack of evidence about his mother’s origins, 251–2

education, 254–5

proclaimed as his father’s successor, 255

marries Fausta, 256–7

and battle of Milvian Bridge, 257–8

and Christianity, 249, 254, 257–8

assumes control of western empire, 258

concord with Licinius disintegrates, 258

defeats Licinius and reunifies the empire, 258

legislation, 259–60, 260–1, 264

importance of images in reign of, 262

birth of children, 262

and the Roman public, 264–5

and deaths of his son and his wife, 265–6

and his mother’s religious faith, 267, 268

entrusts his mother with monitoring building works in Jerusalem, 269