The Longest August (67 page)

31
. Wasio Abbasi, “Chronicles of Pakistan: Sindh's Ethnic Divide and Its History—Part 1,” Reason Before Passion (blog), October 12, 2012,
http://wasioabbasi.wordpress.com/2012/10/12/chronicles -of-pakistan-sindhs-ethnic-divide-and-its-history-part-1
.

32
. Clymer,
Quest for Freedom
, 266.

33
. In 1943 Mridula Gandhi, born in 1929, was invited from Karachi—where her widowed father, Jaisukhlal, a nephew of the Mahatma, worked for a shipping company—to Pune to look after the ailing Kasturbai Gandhi in jail. After Kasturbai's death she returned to her parental home.

34
. Cited by Jad Adams, “Thrill of the Chaste: The Truth About Gandhi's Sex Life,”
Independent
(London), April 7, 2010.

35
. Uday Mahurkar, “Mahatma & Manuben,”
India Today
, June 7, 2013.

36
. Cited by Adams, “Thrill of the Chaste.”

37
. Rajmohan Gandhi,
Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire
(Berkeley: University of California Press / London: Haus, 2010), 552.

Chapter 5: Born in Blood

1
. Jinnah demanded that imperial Britain dissolve the unitary system in India; and create Pakistan, composed of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest and the northeast, and Hindustan, as
separate dominions within the British Commonwealth; and then leave it to them to form a confederation on an equal basis or sign a treaty as sovereign states. But his time frame of ten years proved unrealistic when the British government decided to withdraw from India by June 1948.

2
. Penderel Moon, ed.,
Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 406.

3
. Patrick French,
Liberty or Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division
(London: Harper­Collins, 1997), 334, citing
The Mountbatten Viceroyalty, Princes, Partition, and Independence, 8 July–15 August 1947
, vol. 12 in
Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–7
, ed. Nicholas Mansergh (London: HMSO, 1970–1983), 214.

4
. “Note by Sir E. Jenkins,” April 16, 1947,
https://sites.google.com/site/cabinetmissionplan /punjab-february---march-1947
.

5
. General Sir Frank Messervy, “Some Remarks on the Disturbances in the Northern Punjab,” in
The Fixing of a Time Limit, 4 November 1946–22 March 1947
, vol. 9 in Mansergh, ed.,
Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India
, 898–899.

6
. Cited in Ayesha Jalal,
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 245–246n1.

7
. Louis Fischer,
The Life of Mahatma Gandhi
(London: Granada, 1982), 577.

8
. Cited in Louis Fischer,
Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World
(New York: Mentor Books, 1954), 171.

9
. Fischer,
Gandhi
, 173.

10
. French,
Liberty or Death
, 302.

11
. Cited in Fischer,
Gandhi
, 170.

12
. Ian A. Talbot, “Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan,”
History Today
34, no. 2 (1984).

13
. Transcript of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's speech of June 3, 1947, released by All India Radio, Delhi,
http://omarrquraishi.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/transcript-of-mohammad-ali-jinnahs.html
.

14
. “The Plan of June 3, 1947,” Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah (blog), 2008,
http://m-a-jinnah .blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/plan-of-june-3-1947.html
.

15
. Alex von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 203.

16
. Cited by French,
Liberty or Death
, 306.

17
. “Sylhet Referendum 1947,”
Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
, 2012,
http://www .banglapedia.org/HT/S_0653.htm
.

18
. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, “Mountbatten and the NWFP Referendum: Revisited,”
Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
48, no. 1 (2011).

19
. The Congress-dominated cabinet decided to retain the name India, discarding the option of Hindustan as a counterpoint to Pakistan.

20
.
The Mountbatten Viceroyalty, Princes, Partition, and Independence
, 512.

21
. By June 1947, the British troops in India numbered only four thousand.

22
. Cited in Rajmohan Gandhi,
Understanding the Muslim Mind
(New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000), 175.

23
. A. Read and D. Fisher,
The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 490.

24
.
The Mountbatten Viceroyalty, Princes, Partition, and Independence
, 475, 709.

25
. “Mr. Jinnah's Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, August 11, 1947,”
http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/constituent_address_11aug1947.html
.

26
. Lionel Baixas, “Thematic Chronology of Mass Violence in Pakistan, 1947–2007: Mass Violence Related to the State's Formation,”
Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
, June 27, 2008,
http://www .massviolence.org/Thematic-Chronology-of-Mass-Violence-in-Pakistan-1947-2007
.

27
. M. J. Akbar,
India: The Siege Within
(Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1985), 146.

28
. “On This Day: India Gains Independence from Britain,”
Finding Dulcinea
, August 15, 2011,
http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/
on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--India-Gains-Independence
-from-Britain.html
.

29
. Von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer
, 236.

30
. Baixas, “Mass Violence Related to the State's Formation.”

31
. But it was only in 1998 that
Train to Pakistan
was made into a movie.

32
. Ramchandra Guha,
India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
(London: Macmillan, 2007 / New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 15n19.

33
. Cited in by Z. H. Zaidi, ed.,
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Volume I
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 459.

34
.
Times of India
, September 10, 1947.

35
. The figure of 330,000 comprised 90 percent of the Muslim residents of New Delhi and 60 percent of Old Delhi's.

36
. Sunil Khilnani,
The Idea of India
(London: Penguin Books / New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), 31.

37
. Cited in von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer
, 280.

38
. Sankar Ghose,
Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography
(Bombay: Allied, 1993), 170–171.

39
. Ghose,
Jawaharlal Nehru
, 170–171.

40
. Alan Campbell-Johnson,
Mission with Mountbatten
(London: Robert Hale, 1951), 200–201.

41
. Cited in by Zaidi,
Quaid-i-Azam
, 476.

42
. Col. Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal, “The Making of Refugees,” SikhNet, February 28, 2013,
http://www.sikhnet.com/news/making-refugees
.

43
. Cited in Guha,
India After Gandhi
, 15.

44
. Kuldip Nayar,
Beyond the Lines: An Autobiography
(New Delhi: Roli Books, 2012), 10.

45
. Martin Frost, “Frost's Meditations: Partition of India,” August 2007,
http://www.essaysyards .blogspot.com/2011/06/frosts-meditations.html
.

46
. Richard Symonds,
In the Margins of Independence
:
A Relief Worker in India and Pakistan, 1942–1947
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001), 116.

47
. Von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer
, 279.

48
. Ibid., 280.

Chapter 6: The Infant Twins at War

1
. Z. G. Muhammad, “Stories Retold: Of Some Historical Narratives About Kashmir,”
Punchline
, March 11, 2013,
http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Mar/11/stories-retold-27.asp
.

2
. The year 1934 saw the launching of the first English-language weekly, the
Kashmir Times
, a decade after the founding of the Hindi newspaper
Ranbir
in Jammu.

3
. In his autobiography, Shaikh Muhammad Abdullah revealed that his grandfather was a Hindu named Ragho Ram Kaul.

4
. Soon after, the Congress Party set up the All India States People's Conference to agitate for democratic representation in the princely states.

5
. Victoria Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War
, rev. ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 41.

6
. Jagmohan,
My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir
, 8th ed. (New Delhi: Allied, 2007), 78.

7
. Alarmed by the rising protest against his regime, the maharaja refrained from integrating soldiers demobilized after World War II into his army.

8
. Jagmohan,
My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir
, 78.

9
. Christopher Snedden, “The Forgotten Poonch Uprising of 1947,”
Eye on Kashmir
643 (March 2013),
http://www.india-seminar.com/2013/643/643_christopher_snedden.htm
.

10
. Ian Stephens,
Pakistan
(London: Ernest Benn, 1963), 200.

11
. Cited in “Tribal Invasion: An American Reportage,”
Kashmir Sentinel
, 2012,
http://kashmir sentinel.org/tribal-invasion-an-american-reportage
.

12
. Cited in Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict
, 43.

13
. Snedden, “The Forgotten Poonch Uprising.”

14
. Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict
, 46.

15
. Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict
, 46, citing
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Speeches and Statements, 1947–1948
(Karachi: Government of Pakistan, 1989), 91–92.

16
. Alex Von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 288.

17
. Chaudhuri Muhammad Ali,
The Emergence of Pakistan
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 292.

18
. Cited in Khalid Hasan, “The Other Khurshid Anwar,”
Friday Times
(Lahore), February 11, 2005.

19
. “27 October 1947,” Truth by KBaig (blog), October 26, 2013,
http://www.truthbykbaig.com /2013/10/27-october-1947-day-when-indian-forces.html
.

20
. J. C. Aggarwal and S. Agrawal,
Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient Times to Shimla Agreement
(New Delhi: Concept, 1995), 41–43.

21
. India's commander in chief, General Sir Robert Lockhart, was also subordinate to Field Marshall Sir Claude Achinleck.

22
. Cited in “Tribal Invasion.”

23
. “Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes,” Charter of the United Nations,
http://www .un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter6.shtml
.

24
. Dr. Justice Adrarsh Sein Anand, “Accession of Kashmir—Historical & Legal Perspective,”
Supreme Court Cases
4, no. 11 (1996),
http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/96v4a2.htm
.

25
. John Connell,
Auchinleck: A Critical Biography: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck
, 2nd ed. (London: Cassell, 1959), 920.

26
. See Chapter 5, p. 110.

27
. Prof. Dr. Yogendra Yadav, “The Facts of Rs 55 Crores and Mahatma Gandhi,” Peace & Collaborative Development Network, September 16, 2012,
http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org /profiles/blogs/the-facts-of-55-crores-and-mahatma-gandhi
.

28
. Dilip Simeon, “Gandhi's Final Fast,” Akshay Bakaya's Blog, March 22, 2010,
http://www.gandhi topia.org/profiles/blogs/gandhis-final-fast-by-dilip
.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Because the Indian government made its decision during Mahatma Gandhi's fast, some historians have wrongly attributed his fasting to the issue of the cash payable to Pakistan.

32
. “Gandhi Shot Dead,”
Hindu
, January 31, 1948.

33
. Nathuram Vinayak Godse was convicted as the killer of Mahatma Gandhi and his chief coplotter, Narayan Dattatraya Apte, as the leader of the assassination team. Both received the death penalty and were hanged at the central jail in Ambala, East Punjab, on November 15, 1949.

34
. Responding to the reports of the RSS killing Muslims, Vallabhbhai Patel expressed his favorable opinion of the RSS on January 8 and added, “You cannot crush an organization by using
danda
[a stick].” He considered the reports of its violent activities as “somewhat exaggerated.” Patrick French,
Liberty or Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division
(London: HarperCollins, 1997), 359–360.