The Longest August (70 page)

32
. Later this became known as the Blood Telegram. It would be used as the title of a book by Gary J. Bass in 2013.

33
. Ghazala Akbar, “Why the Seventh Fleet Was Sent to the Indian Ocean in 1971,” Pakistan Link, January 2012,
http://pakistanlink.org/Commentary/2012/Jan12/20/01.HTM
.

34
. Swami, “India's Secret War.”

35
. “Niazi Signed the Instrument of Surrender with General Aurora on December 16, 1971, at Dacca,”
Daily Star
(Bangladesh), May 4, 2005.

36
. Bose, “The Courageous Pak Army.”

37
. “The Rediff Interview: Lt Gen A. A. Khan Niazi,”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), February 2, 2004.

38
. Cited in Tariq Ali,
The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power
(New York: Scribner, 2008), 206.

39
. Official websites of the Indian and Pakistani defense ministries are www.mod.nic.in and www .mod.gov.pk, respectively.

40
.
The Report of the Hamoodur Rehman Commission of Inquiry into the 1971 War
(Lahore: Vanguard, 2001), 317, 340.

41
. David Frost interview with Shaikh Mujibur Rahman aired on January 18, 1972; see
http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/mukto-mona/conversations/topics/5108
.

42
. Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose,
War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 360n24.

43
. Sarmila Bose,
Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 181.

44
. Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou, “Fifty Years of Violent War Deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: Analysis of Data from the World Health Survey Programme,”
British Medical Journal
, June 26, 2008.

45
. F. B. Ali, “The Coup of 19 December 1971: How General Yahya Was Removed from Power,” Pakistan Patriots
(blog), June 21, 2013,
http://pakistanpatriots.wordpress.com/2013/06/21/the-coup-of -19-december-1971-how-general-yahya-was-removed-from-power/
.

46
. Syed Badrul Ahsan, “Pakistan in December 1971,”
Daily Star
(Bangladesh), December 19, 2012.

47
. Tammy Kinsey, “Garam Hawa,”
Film Reference
, n.d.,
http://www.filmreference.com/Films -Fr-Go/Garam-Hawa.html
.

Chapter 11: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Savior of West Pakistan

1
. See p. 196.

2
. Syed Badrul Ahsan, “Pakistan in December 1971,”
Daily Star
(Bangladesh), December 19, 2012.

3
. Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,
Deception: Pakistan, the United States and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Walker & Company, 2007), 19–20.

4
. “When Benazir Bhutto Enjoyed
Pakeezah
in Shimla,” IANS, May 13, 2012,
http://www.ummid .com/news/2012/May/13.05.2012/benazir_bhutto_in_shimla.htm
.

5
. Cited in Victoria Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War
, rev. ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 127.

6
. Manish Chand, “40 Years Later, Shimla Accord Haunts India-Pakistan Ties,”
South Asia Monitor
, July 1, 2012.

7
. “Simla Agreement, July 2, 1972,”
http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/simla.html
.

8
. Ab Qayoom Khan, “Sheikh Abdullah: A Political Sufferer-II,”
Kashmir Observer
, September 10, 2012.

9
. Dilip Hiro,
Inside India Today
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976 / New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977), 254.

10
. Cited in Dorothy Norman, ed.,
The First Sixty Years: Presenting in His Own Words the Development of the Political Thought of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Background Against Which It Evolved
(London: Bodley Head, 1965), 186.

11
. Both suppliers had stipulated that CIRUS was to be used only for peaceful purposes.

12
. See Chapter 9, p. 188.

13
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 30.

14
. “Nuclear Technology 1970–1974,” Bhutto.org, 2014,
http://www.bhutto.org/article21.php
.

15
. Ahmadis are the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), born in the village of Qadian in Punjab. Their belief that Ahmad is the Messiah in succession to Lord Krishna, Jesus Christ, and the Prophet Muhammad contradicts mainstream Muslims' tenet that Muhammad is the last and final prophet. They formed 2.3 percent of Pakistan's population.

16
. Christina Lamb,
Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1991), 84.

17
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 62.

18
. Apparently, URENCO stands for uranium (UR) enrichment (EN) company (CO). In 2013, it was the globe's second largest vendor of nuclear fuel, selling its products to fifty countries.

19
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 60, citing Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
If I Am Assassinated
(Delhi: Vikas, 1979), 138.

Chapter 12: Islamist Zia ul Haq, Builder of the A-Bomb

1
. When Muhammad Zia ul Haq visited his alma mater in Delhi in 1983, he was shown his application to the principal for leave. He had misspelled his name as “Zai ul-Haq.” “Glimpses of St. Stephen's College,” St. Stephen's College,
http://www.ststephens.edu/archives/history2.htm
.

2
. Cited in Shahid Javed Burki and Craig Baxter, eds.,
Pakistan Under The Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq
(Boulder: Westview, 1991), 5.

3
. Cited in Josy Joseph, “MEA Totally Misread General Zia-ul-Haq's Intentions After Coup, Show Declassified Papers,”
Times of India
, November 7, 2011.

4
. Protesting against Britain's recognition of Bangladesh, Pakistani president Zulfikar Ali Bhutto withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth. Pakistan's later application for readmission to the Commonwealth was accepted in 1988. Among Commonwealth members, diplomatic mission heads are called high commissioners instead of ambassadors.

5
. Cited in Joseph, “MEA Totally Misread General Zia-ul-Haq's Intentions.”

6
. Robert Hutchinson,
Weapons of Mass Destruction: The No-Nonsense Guide to Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Weapons Today
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 112.

7
. B. Raman,
Kaoboys of R&AW: Down Memory Lane
(New Delhi: Lancer, 2008), 113.

8
. Nuclear reprocessing technology was developed to separate and recover fissionable plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel. Initially, reprocessing was used to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. Later, reprocessed plutonium was alternatively recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal reactors.

9
. Dilip Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 58.

10
. Ardeshir Cowasjee, “A Re-Cap of Soviet–Pakistan Relations,”
Dawn
(Karachi), December 3, 2011.

11
. Meeting President Nur Muhammad Taraki in the capital city of Kabul would have implied de facto recognition of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which Zia ul Haq was unwilling to do.

12
. General Khalid Mahmud Arif,
Working with Zia: Pakistan Power Politics 1977–1988
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 307.

13
. Dilip Hiro,
War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response
(London: Routledge, 2002), 211.

14
. In practice, only the penalties involving lashing were implemented.

15
. In June 1980, BBC TV's documentary
Project 706: The Islamic Bomb
provided the fullest account of Pakistan's uranium enrichment program.

16
. A separate arrangement was made for Pakistan's purchase of forty versatile F-16 fighter aircraft manufactured in the United States, much to Delhi's alarm.

17
. Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm
, 322n23; “Pakistan Nuclear Weapons,” Global Security, n.d.,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/nuke.htm
.

18
. V. D. Chopra, ed.,
Significance of Indo-Russian Relations in the 21st Century
(New Delhi: Kalpaz, 2008), 85.

19
. William K. Stevens, “Pakistan's Leader to Confer in India,”
New York Times
, October 31, 1982.

20
. Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,
Deception: Pakistan, the United States and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Walker & Company, 2007), 104.

21
. “Pakistan Nuclear Weapons—A Chronology,” Federation of American Scientists, June 3, 1998,
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm
.

22
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 104–105.

23
. Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm
, 122.

24
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 105–106.

25
. Ibid., 106.

26
. Ibid., 105; see also “Adrian Levy Interview with Amy Goodman,”
Democracy Now!
, November 19, 2007.

27
. Stephen Zunes, “Pakistan's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981–1984),” Non­violent Conflict, 2009,
http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns /movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=24
.

28
. Suranjan Das,
Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia
(New Delhi: Anthem, 2001), 144.

29
. Partha Sarathy Ghosh,
Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia
(Chennai: Technical Publications, 1989), 42.

30
. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was the leader of the Damdami Taksal, a fundamentalist sect within Sikhism.

31
. In one of his speeches Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi admitted to having lost more than 700 soldiers in Operation Blue Star. On October 31, 2009, CNN-IBN reported the army losing 365 commandos.

32
. Khushwant Singh,
A History of the Sikhs
,
Volume II: 1839–2004
, 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012), 364.

33
. Marc Kaufman, “India Blames Pakistan in Sikh Conflict,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, June 19, 1988.

34
. Indira Gandhi and P. V. Narasimha Rao, “Debate on the White Paper on the Punjab Agitation, Monsoon Session of Parliament, 1984: Interventions by Prime Minister and Home Minister,” Ministry of External Affairs, 1984.

35
. Singh,
A History of the Sikhs, Volume II
, 378.

36
. Reginald Massey, “Khushwant Singh Obituary,”
Guardian
(London), March 20, 2014.

37
. The elections in Punjab and Assam, then under emergency, were held almost a year later.

38
. According to Milton Beardon of the CIA, by the time the Soviets left Afghanistan in early 1989, the CIA had spent $6 billion and Saudi Arabia $4 billion. Cited by Stephen Kinzer, “How We Helped Create the Afghan Crisis,”
Boston Globe
, March 20, 2009.

39
. Stephen R. Wilson, “India and Pakistan Pledge Not to Destroy Each Other's Nuclear Plants,” Associated Press, December 17, 1985.

40
. Ibid.

41
. Because of their black uniforms, the commandos of the National Security Guards were popularly called Black Cats.

42
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 220.

43
. Abdul Sattar,
Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2005: A Concise History
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007), 194, 195.

44
. J. Bandhopadhyay,
The Making of India's Foreign Policy
(New Delhi: Allied, 1991), 272.

45
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 151.

46
. Shafik H. Hashmi, “The Nuclear Danger in South Asia,” citing the
Atlantic
, November 2005, 82,
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/current-affairs/3803-nuclear-danger-south-asia .html
.

47
. Cited in Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 151. The
Observer
paid Kuldip Nayar a miserly £350 ($500) for his sensational exclusive story.

48
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 152.

49
. Steven R. Weisman, “On India's Border, a Huge Mock War,”
New York Times
, March 5, 1988.

50
. Terry Atlas, “Terror Attacks on U.S. Down Sharply in 1987,”
Chicago Tribune
, January 18, 1988.

51
. Ravi Shankar, “Spy Wars,”
New Indian Express
, May 16, 2012.

52
. In December 2006, a court in New York convicted Khalid Awan, a Pakistani national, of providing money and financial services to the Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar in Pakistan. “Pakistani Convicted for Financing Sikh Militant Group,”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), December 21, 2006.

53
. Marc Kaufman, “In the Punjab's Golden Temple, Sikh Militants Rule Once More,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, February 12, 1988.