The Lucky Years: How to Thrive in the Brave New World of Health (39 page)

5
. 
To read about the government’s updated dietary guidelines, go to
www.health.gov
. Specifically, go to
www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/06-chapter-1/d1-2.asp
.

6
. J. R. Biesiekierski et al., “Gluten Causes Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Subjects Without Celiac Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial,”
American Journal of Gastroenterology
106, no. 3 (March 2011): 508–14, quiz 515, doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.487, Epub January 11, 2011.

7
. J. R. Biesiekierski et al., “No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non Celiac Gluten Sensitivity After Dietary Reduction of Fermentable, Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates,”
Gastroenterology
145, no. 2 (August 2013): 320–28.e1-3, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051, Epub May 4, 2013.

8
. Ross Pomeroy, “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity May Not Exist,”
RealClearScience.com
, May 15, 2014.

9
. “Davos 2015—Let Food Be Thy Medicine,” YouTube video, 46:10, published on January 24, 2015, by the World Economic Forum (http://www.weforum.org),
https://youtu.be/f26wfQBf1s
.

10
. D. Ornish et al., “Intensive Lifestyle Changes May Affect the Progression of Prostate Cancer,”
Journal of Urology
, 174, no. 3 (September 2005): 1065–69; discussion 1069–70.

11
. A. R. Kristal et al., “Baseline Selenium Status and Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Prostate Cancer Risk,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
106, no. 3 (March 2014): djt456, doi:10.1093/jnci/djt456, Epub February 22, 2014.

12
. Johns Hopkins Medicine, “Bad Luck of Random Mutations Plays Predominant Role in Cancer, Study Shows—Statistical Modeling Links Cancer Risk with Number of Stem Cell Divisions,” news release, January 1, 2015,
www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/bad_luck_of_random_mutations_plays_predominant_role_in_cancer_study_shows
.

13
. C. Tomasetti and B. Vogelstein, “Cancer Etiology. Variation in Cancer Risk Among Tissues Can Be Explained by the Number of Stem Cell Divisions,”
Science
347, no. 6217 (January 2, 2015): 78–81, doi:10.1126/science.1260825.

14
. This quote by Tomasetti and Vogelstein was articulated in the addendum to the news release added January 7, 2015:
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/bad_luck_of_random_mutations_plays_predominant_role_in_cancer_study_shows
.

15
. Seth Rakoff-Nahoum, “Why Cancer and Inflammation?,”
Yale Journal of Biological Medicine
79 (December 2006): 123–30.

16
. R. B. Haynes, “BMJUpdates+, A New
Free
Service for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice,”
Evidence Based Nursing
8, no. 2 (April 2005): 39, doi:10.1136/ebn.8.2.39.

17
. 
Richard Horton, “Offline: What Is Medicine’s 5 Sigma?”
Lancet
385 (April 2015).

18
. For an engaging read about hype in medical news, see Julia Belluz, “This Is Why You Shouldn’t Believe That Exciting New Medical Study,” Vox, last modified August 5, 2015,
www.vox.com/2015/3/23/8264355/research-study-hype
.

19
. J. D. Schoenfeld and J. P. Ioannidis, “Is Everything We Eat Associated with Cancer? A Systematic Cookbook Review,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
97, no. 1 (January 2013): 127–34, doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.047142, Epub November 28, 2012.

20
. J. P. Ioannidis, “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False,”
PLOS Medicine
2, no. 8 (August 2005): E124, Epub August 30, 2005.

21
. H. Bastian, “Seventy-five Trials and Eleven Systematic Reviews a Day: How Will We Ever Keep Up?”
PLOS Medicine
7, no. 9 (September 21, 2010): E1000326, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000326.

22
. Jeffrey Beall, “List of Predatory Publishers,” Scholarly Open Access blog, last modified January 2, 2014,
http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/01/02/list-of-predatory-publishers-2014/
.

23
. P. Autier, “Vitamin D Status and Ill Health: A Systematic Review,”
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology
2, no. 1 (January 2014): 76–89, doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70165-7, Epub December 6, 2013.

24
. I. R. Reid, “Effects of Vitamin D Supplements on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”
Lancet
383, no. 9912 (January 11, 2014): 146–55, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61647-5, Epub October 11, 2013.

25
. E. S. LeBlanc et al., “Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency: Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
162, no. 2 (January 20, 2015): 109–22, doi:10.7326/M14-1659.

26
. Anahad O’Conner, “Fish Oil Claims Not Well Supported,”
New York Times
, March 30, 2015,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/fish-oil-claims-not-supported-by-research
.

27
. For a quick summary of some of these studies and their controversy, see Melinda Wenner Moyer, “Fish Oil Supplement Research Remains Murky,”
Scientific American
, September 24, 2012. Also see Howard LeWine, “Fish Oil: Friend or Foe?,”
Harvard Health Blog
, July 12, 2013,
www.health.harvard.edu/blog/fish-oil-friend-or-foe-201307126467
.

28
. R. Marchioli, “Early Protection Against Sudden Death by N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids After Myocardial Infarction: Time-Course Analysis of the Results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione,”
Circulation
105, no. 16 (April 23, 2002): 1897–903.

29
. 
Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group, M.C. Roncaglioni et al., “N-3 Fatty Acids in Patients with Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors,”
New England Journal of Medicine
368, no. 19 (May 9, 2013): 1800–1808, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1205409.

1
. CDC Newsroom, “One in Five Adults Meet Overall Physical Activity Guidelines,” news release, May 2, 2013,
www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0502-physical-activity.html
.

2
. I. M. Lee et al., “Effect of Physical Inactivity on Major Non-communicable Diseases Worldwide: An Analysis of Burden of Disease and Life Expectancy,”
Lancet
380, no. 9838 (July 21, 2012): 219–29, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9.

3
. J. G. van Uffelen et al., “Sitting-Time, Physical Activity, and Depressive Symptoms in Mid-Aged Women,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
45, no. 3 (September 2013): 276–81, doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.009.

4
. See the WHO’s global recommendations on physical activity for health,
www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en
.

5
. S. C. Moore et al., “Leisure Time Physical Activity of Moderate to Vigorous Intensity and Mortality: A Large Pooled Cohort Analysis,”
PLOS Medicine
9, no. 11 (2012): E1001335, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335, Epub November 6, 2012.

6
. S. G. Lakoski, “Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Incident Cancer, and Survival After Cancer in Men: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study,”
JAMA Oncology
1, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 231–37, doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0226.

7
. A. S. Betof et al., “Modulation of Murine Breast Tumor Vascularity, Hypoxia and Chemotherapeutic Response by Exercise,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
107, no. 5 (2015): djv040, doi:10.1093/jnci/djv040. Also see Duke Medicine, “Exercise Slows Tumor Growth, Improves Chemotherapy in Mouse Cancers,” ScienceDaily, last modified March 16, 2015,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150316185446.htm
.

8
. Benjamin L. Willis et al., “Midlife Fitness and the Development of Chronic Conditions in Later Life,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
172, no. 17 (September 24, 2012): 1333–40, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3400.

9
. L. L. Craft et al., “Evidence That Women Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines Do Not Sit Less: An Observational Inclinometry Study,”
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
9 (October 4, 2012): 122, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-122.

10
. R. R. Wolfe, “The Underappreciated Role of Muscle in Health and Disease,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
84, no. 3 (September 2006): 475–82.

11
. 
A. P. Wroblewski et al., “Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes,”
Physician and Sportsmedicine
39, no. 3 (September 2011): 172–88, doi:10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933.

12
. Gretchen Reynolds, “How Much Exercise Is Enough?,”
New York Times
, April 15, 2015.

13
. H. Arem et al., “Leisure Time Physical Activity and Mortality: A Detailed Pooled Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship,”
JAMA Internal Medicine
175, no. 6 (June 2015): 959–67, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533.

14
. K. Gebel et al., “Effect of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Australians,”
JAMA Internal Medicine
175, no. 6 (June 2015): 970–77, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0541.

15
. L. B. B. Brito et al., “Ability to Sit and Rise from the Floor as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality,”
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
(2012), doi:10.1177/2047487312471759.

1
. Matt McCarthy, “Science of Nap Time,”
Sports Illustrated
, April 13, 2015.

2
. Ricardo S. Osorio et al., “Sleep-Disordered Breathing Advances Cognitive Decline in the Elderly,”
Neurology
(April 2015), doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001566.

3
. W. C. Winter et al., “Measuring Circadian Advantage in Major League Baseball: A 10-Year Retrospective Study,”
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
4, no. 3 (September 2009): 394–401.

4
. For more about the National Sleep Foundation’s recommendations and related studies, go to
www.nationalsleepfoundation.org
.

5
. J. Zhang et al., “Extended Wakefulness: Compromised Metabolics in and Degeneration of Locus Ceruleus Neurons,”
Journal of Neuroscience
34, no. 12 (March 19, 2014): 4418–31, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5025-12.2014.

6
. Alice Park, “The Power of Sleep,”
Time
, September 22, 2014.

7
. B. A. Plog et al., “Biomarkers of Traumatic Injury Are Transported from Brain to Blood via the Glymphatic System,”
Journal of Neuroscience
35, no. 2 (January 14, 2015): 518–26, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015.

8
. A. Louveau et al., “Structural and Functional Features of Central Nervous System Lymphatic Vessels,”
Nature
523, no. 7560 (July 16, 2015): 337–41, doi:10.1038/nature14432, Epub June 1, 2015.

9
. Park, “Power of Sleep.”

10
. Ibid.

11
. Melinda Beck, “The Joy of Researching the Benefits of Sex,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 3, 2011.

12
. 
For a fantastic read of this history couched in modern science, see Maria Konnikova, “The Power of Touch,”
New Yorker
, March 4, 2015. Also see William J. Cromie, “Of Hugs and Hormones,”
Harvard University Gazette
, June 11, 1998,
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/06.11/OfHugsandHormon.html
.

13
. M. Carlson and F. Earls, “Psychological and Neuroendocrinological Sequelae of Early Social Deprivation in Institutionalized Children in Romania,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
807 (January 15, 1997): 419–28.

14
. To see a full bibliography of Tiffany Field’s work with colleagues on the power of touch, go to
https://www6.miami.edu/touch-research/Research.html
.

15
. S. Cohen et al., “Does Hugging Provide Stress-Buffering Social Support? A Study of Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infection and Illness,”
Psychological Science
26, no. 2 (February 2015): 135–47, doi:10.1177/0956797614559284, Epub December 19, 2014.

16
. David J. Linden,
Touch: The Science of Hand, Heart, and Mind
(New York: Viking, 2015).

17
. Some of the material in this section is adapted from an op-ed article I wrote, “The 2,000-Year-Old Wonder Drug,”
New York Times
, December 11, 2012.

18
. P. M. Rothwell et al., “Effect of Daily Aspirin on Long-Term Risk of Death Due to Cancer: Analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomised Trials,”
Lancet
377, no. 9759 (January 1, 2011): 31–41, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62110-1, Epub December 6, 2010.

19
. P. M. Rothwell et al., “Effect of Daily Aspirin on Risk of Cancer Metastasis: A Study of Incident Cancers During Randomised Controlled Trials,”
Lancet
379, no. 9826 (April 28, 2012): 1591–601, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8, Epub March 21, 2012.

20
. P. M. Rothwell et al., “Short-Term Effects of Daily Aspirin on Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Non-Vascular Death: Analysis of the Time Course of Risks and Benefits in 51 Randomised Controlled Trials,”
Lancet
379, no. 9826 (April 28, 2012):1602–12, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0, Epub March 21, 2012.

21
. Yin Cao, postdoctoral research fellow, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Eric Jacobs, PhD, strategic director, pharmacoepidemiology, American Cancer Society; April 19, 2015, presentation, American Association for Cancer Research meeting, Philadelphia.