The Lucky Years: How to Thrive in the Brave New World of Health (43 page)

Louisiana,
47
,
192

lung cancer,
10
,
50
,
50
,
51
,
53
–54,
65
,
118
,
176
,
190

statin use and,
219

Lung Cancer Master Protocol for Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Lung-MAP),
118

Lunsford, Wanda Ruth,
1
–2,
3
,
4
,
21
,
27

lymphoma,
55

lymph system,
209

Lyon,
180

McCarthy, Matt,
202

McCay, Clive,
2

McGill University, Osler Library of Medicine at,
73

Maimonides,
163

Maine,
68

Major League Baseball,
202
,
204
–5

malaria,
77

malnutrition,
234
–35

Malthus, Thomas Robert,
27
,
160

Malthusian catastrophe,
27

Massachusetts,
47

Massagué Solé, Joan,
58
–62

Massai people,
163

mastectomies,
21
–22

MasterCard,
89

Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research,
41

Mayo Clinic,
145

measles,
160

media, medical misinformation in,
15
,
153
–54

medical education:

context and,
75

Osler’s revolutionizing of,
71
–75

medical journals, misinformation in,
154
,
179

medical research,
177
–84

newborn genetic screening and,
11
–12

rigorously controlled studies in,
155

Medicare,
92
,
192

medications,
144
–46

antiaging,
201

antidepressant,
145

consistent schedules for,
140

counterfeit,
10
–11,
66

off-label use of,
55

over-the-counter,
145

in preventative medicine,
76
–78

pricing of,
56
–57,
115
–17

quicker access to,
56

3-D printing and,
66
–67

medicine:

coarse graining in,
229
–32,
230

personalized,
see
precision medicine

science vs. art in,
26
,
112
,
118

Mediterranean diet,
141
–42,
163

melatonin,
205

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
28
,
60
,
62
,
116
–17

Cancer Biology and Genetics Program at,
58

memory,
214

Mencken, H. L.,
159

mental health,
145

portable electronic devices and,
90
–91

metabolic syndrome,
121
,
122

metabolomics,
188

metastasis,
60
–62

Metchnikoff, Élie,
33
–35,
33
,
35
,
48

Miami, University of, Miller School of Medicine at,
214

mice and rats:

aging experiments with,
1
–3,
3
,
4

cancer treatment experiments with,
60
–62

digestive tract experiments with,
120
,
121
–22

microbiome,
48
,
85
,
119
–25

beneficial bacteria and,
33
–34

diabetes and,
120
–21

emulsifiers and,
121
–22

gastric surgery and,
123

sleep and,
122
–23

microfinance,
232
–33

Middle East,
77

mild cognitive impairment (MCI),
203
–4

Minnesota,
103

misinformation, medical,
153
–84

anecdotal evidence in,
156

cognitive dissonance and,
159

media and,
153
–54

in medical studies,
177
–84

motivated reasoning and,
157
–61

in peer-reviewed journals,
154

post hoc reasoning in,
156

sweeping statements in,
165
,
166
–69,
184

Wikipedia and,
154

Mississippi,
47

Missouri,
205

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology),
23
,
24
,
236

Mitalipov, Shoukhrat,
109

mitochondria,
106
–8,
106
,
119

mitochondrial diseases,
106
,
106
,
108
–12

mitochondrial DNA,
106
,
106
,
107
–8

mutations in,
107
–8

replacement of,
109
–12,
110

mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC),
139
–40

“Mitochondrial Eve,”
107

MMR vaccine,
156

moderation, in diet,
144

Monash University,
164

Montana,
3

mood, monitoring of,
149

morbidity, sleep habits and,
146
–47

Morgan, Thomas Hunt,
138

mortality rates:

aging and,
42
–43

decline in,
6
–7

exercise and,
148

sleep habits and,
146
,
147

motivated reasoning, medical misinformation and,
157
–61

motivation,
149

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
230

multimorbidity,
129

multiple sclerosis,
59

muscle mass,
194
–96,
199

muscle strength,
45

mutation,
see
genetic mutations

MyBabyFace (app),
87

Napoli, Mike,
202
–3

National Cancer Institute (NCI),
53
,
114
,
196

National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium,
189

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
47
,
141

National Institutes of Health (NIH),
114
,
117
–18,
205

National Sleep Foundation (NSF),
206

natural immunity,
33
–34

Nature,
41
,
95
,
121
,
123

NCI-MATCH (Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice),
117

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS),
66

Nedergaard, Maiken,
208
–10

Neogest (app),
87

Neurology,
203

newborns:

genetic screening of,
11
–12

premature,
87

Newcastle University,
108

New England Journal of Medicine,
8
,
9
,
24
,
32
,
178
,
183
,
218

New Jersey,
111

New Mexico,
68

Newtown shooting,
91

New York, N.Y.,
28
,
116

New York Academy of Medicine,
2

New York Cancer Hospital,
28

see also
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

New York University,
204

New Zealand,
45
,
46

Nexium (esomeprazole),
86

night blindness,
235

NIH Human Microbiome Project,
120

Nike,
199

Nobel Peace Prize,
232

Nobel Prize,
33
,
34
,
102

“nocebo” effect,
165

noncommunicable diseases, premature deaths from,
130
,
131
,
132

Northeastern University,
68

Northwestern University,
41

Norton, Larry,
60
–61,
62

Nottingham, University of,
87

Nurses’ Health Study,
142
–43,
216
–17

nursing college,
235

nutritional studies,
161
–69

honesty and,
162

lack of reliable data from,
162
–63,
164

Nyhan, Brendan,
157
,
158
,
160

Obama, Barack,
11
,
114
,
115
,
117

obesity and overweight,
22
,
47
,
121
,
122
,
123
,
147
,
188
,
194
,
215

breast cancer and,
133

chronic disease and,
141

honesty about,
132
–34

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
122

Obstetrics & Gynecology,
132
–33

Olser Library of Medicine (McGill University),
73

omega-3 fatty acids,
182
–83

omeprazole (Prilosec),
86

“On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space” (Pearson),
95

Only the Paranoid Survive
(Grove),
7

open-access model,
179

opioids,
145

optimism, health and,
65
–69

Oregon, University of,
199

Oregon Health & Science University,
109

Ornish, Dean,
166
–68

Osler, William,
15
,
37
,
71
–73,
72
,
73
,
75
,
126
,
145
,
153
,
223

Othello
(Shakespeare),
202

Ottawa, University of,
183

overweight,
see
obesity and overweight

Oxford University,
216

oxidative stress,
175

oxytocin,
211

p53 gene,
57
–58

pain relievers, risks of,
145
–46

Paleo diet,
142
,
163

parabiosis,
1
–4,
3
,
21

parasites, spread of,
103

Parkinson’s disease,
59
,
108
,
163

pattern recognition,
227

PD-L1,
29
–30

Pearson, Karl,
95

Pediatric MATCH,
117

Pediatrics,
133

pelvic bone cancer,
176

Pennington Biomedical Research Center,
192

Pennsylvania, University of,
73
,
75

Perelman School of Medicine at,
208

perceptual intuition,
228
–29

personalized medicine,
see
precision medicine

Peto, Richard,
57

Peto’s paradox,
57

PET (positron-emission tomography) scan,
230

pharmaceutical industry,
166

drug prices and,
56
–57,
115
–17

public distrust of,
18
,
19
,
69
,
157

pharmacogenomics, precision medicine and,
115

phenylalanine,
12

phenylketonuria (PKU),
12

Philosophical
magazine,
95

physical activity,
140

physicians:

house calls by,
80

public distrust of,
17
–19,
157

pit latrines,
234

Pittsburgh, University of,
196
,
214

placebos,
53

plaques,
183

plasma transfusions,
4
–5

plate discipline,
204

Plato,
185

PLOS Medicine,
178

pneumonia,
161

polio virus, in immunotherapy,
30
,
31

Pope, Frank,
2

population growth, technology and,
27

portable electronic devices, health care and,
79
,
90
–91

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
fallacy,
156

precision medicine,
8
,
20
,
36
,
102
–25

art vs. science in,
112
,
118

cancer treatment and,
115

context and,
114
–15,
117

cost of,
56
–57

historical roots of,
113

pharmacogenomics and,
115

technology and,
37
–70

Precision Medicine Initiative,
114
,
117

“Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” (Lorenz),
236

pregnancy,
182

premature infants,
87

prenatal testing,
79

Prevacid (lansoprazole),
86

preventative medicine,
114
,
136
,
165
,
237