The Man Who Wasn't There: Investigations into the Strange New Science of the Self (37 page)

correlation being strongest
:
Valeria I. Petkova et al., “From Part- to Whole-Body Ownership in the Multisensory Brain,”
Current Biology
21 (July 12, 2011): 1118–122.

Heydrich and Blanke
:
Lukas Heydrich and Olaf Blanke, “Distinct Illusory Own-Body Perceptions Caused by Damage to Posterior Insula and Extrastriate Cortex,”
Brain
136 (2013): 790–803.

the
minimal phenomenal self
:
Olaf Blanke and Thomas Metzinger, “Full-Body Illusions and Minimal Phenomenal Selfhood,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
13, no. 1 (2009): 7–13.

the phenomenon of
mineness
:
Jakob Hohwy, “The Sense of Self in the Phenomenology of Agency and Perception,”
Psyche
13, no. 1 (April 2007): 1–20.

“One’s own body size”
:
Björn van der Hoort et al., “Being Barbie: The Size of One’s Own Body Determines the Perceived Size of the World,”
PLoS One
6, no. 5 (May 2011): e20195.

were less able to recall
:
Loretxu Bergouignan et al., “Out-of-Body–Induced Hippocampal Amnesia,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
111, no. 12 (March 2014): 4421–426.

CHAPTER 8: BEING NO ONE, HERE AND NOW

“If the doors of perception”
:
William Blake,
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,
available at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45315/45315-h/45315-h.htm.

“I feel a happiness”
:
Quoted in Jacques Catteau,
Dostoyevsky and the Process of Literary Creation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 114.

“as if I had lost”
:
Shirley M. Ferguson Rayport, “Dostoyevsky’s Epilepsy: A New Approach to Retrospective Diagnosis,”
Epilepsy & Behavior
22, no. 3 (2011): 557–70.

“The sensation is so strong”
:
Quoted in Catteau,
Dostoyevsky
, 114.

“a moment or two”
:
Fyodor Dostoyevsky,
The Idiot
, trans. Eva Martin, available at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2638/2638-h/2638-h.htm.

“I feel then as”
:
Ibid.

“if when I recall”
:
Ibid.

“I believe that the”
:
Henri Gastaut, “Fyodor Mikhailovitch Dostoevski’s Involuntary Contribution to the Symptomatology and Prognosis of Epilepsy,”
Epilepsia
19, no. 2 (1978): 186–201.

“He says that the pleasure”
:
F. Cirignotta et al., “Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Ecstatic Seizures (So-called Dostoevsky Epilepsy),”
Epilepsia
21 (1980): 705–10.

“During the seizure it”
:
Fabienne Picard and A. D. Craig, “Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Potential Window on the Neural Basis for Human Self-Awareness,”
Epilepsy & Behavior
16, no. 3 (2009): 539–46.

“a sensation of velvet”
:
Ibid.

“The immense joy that”
:
Ibid.

She got news of
:
Anil Ananthaswamy, “Fits of Rapture,”
New Scientist
, January 25, 2014, 44.

“I don’t believe the”
:
A. D. Craig, “How Do You Feel?,” http://vimeo.com/8170544.

“The thermal grill reveals”
:
A. D. Craig, “Can the Basis for Central Neuropathic Pain Be Identified by Using a Thermal Grill?,”
Pain
135, no. 3 (April 2008): 215–16.

the experience of pain
:
A. D. Craig et al., “Functional Imaging of an Illusion of Pain,”
Nature
384 (November 21, 1996): 258–60.

In his subsequent studies
:
A. D. Craig et al., “Thermosensory Activation of Insular Cortex,”
Nature Neuroscience
3, no. 2 (February 2000): 184–90.

“
Activation of the ACC”
:
A. D. Craig, “How Do You Feel? Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body,”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
3 (August 2002): 655–66.

“It seems to provide”
:
A. D. Craig, “Interoception and Emotion: A Neuroanatomical Perspective,” in
Handbook of Emotions,
3rd ed., Michael Lewis et al., eds. (New York: Guilford Press, 2008), 281.

“the material self as”
:
Ibid., 281.

“source of the sense”
:
Antonio Damasio, “Mental Self: The Person Within,”
Nature
423 (May 15, 2003): 227.

But when the electrode
:
Fabienne Picard et al., “Induction of a Sense of Bliss by Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Insula,”
Cortex
49, no. 10 (2013): 2935–937.

“One bright May morning”
:
Aldous Huxley,
The Doors of Perception
(London: Thinking Ink, 2011), 2.

“relish the possibility”
:
“Dr Humphry Osmond,”
Telegraph
, February 16, 2004, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1454436/Dr-Humphry-Osmond.html.

“At breakfast that morning”
:
Huxley,
The Doors of Perception
, 5.

“Space was still there”
:
Ibid., 7.

“To fathom hell or soar angelic”
:
Obituary of Humphry Osmond in
BMJ
328 (March 20, 2004): 713.

Neuroimaging studies of people
:
Franz X. Vollenweider and Michael Kometer, “The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders,”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
11 (September 2010): 642–51.

In one double-blind study
:
Jordi Riba et al., “Increased Frontal and Paralimbic Activation Following Ayahuasca, the Pan-Amazonian Inebriant,”
Psychopharmacology
186, no. 1 (2006): 93–98.

the anterior insula might
:
A. D. Craig, “How Do You Feel—Now? The Anterior Insula and Human Awareness,”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
10 (January 2009): 59–70.

In 2006, Martin Paulus and Murray Stein
:
Martin P. Paulus and Murray B. Stein, “An Insular View of Anxiety,”
Biological Psychiatry
60, no. 4 (August 2006): 383–87.

Picard posits that the opposite
:
Fabienne Picard, “State of Belief, Subjective Certainty and Bliss as a Product of Cortical Dysfunction,”
Cortex
49, no. 9 (October 2013): 2494–500.

“joy, creativity, the process”
:
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), xi.

“One item that disappears”
:
Ibid. 62.

“the optimal experience”
:
Ibid., 64.

loss of self-consciousness
:
Ibid.

EPILOGUE

Both synchronic and diachronic
:
Matthew R. Dasti, “Nyaya,”
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
, http://www.iep.utm.edu/nyaya.

“I am not the mind”
:
Personal communication, translation from Sanskrit by C. S. Aravinda, TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics, Bangalore, India.

“When I enter most intimately”
:
David Hume,
A Treatise of Human Nature
, available at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4705/4705-h/4705-h.htm.

“Each normal individual”
:
Daniel C. Dennett,
Consciousness Explained
(Boston: Little Brown, 1991), 416.

“is the same kind of thing”
:
Daniel C. Dennett,
Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 334.

“fiction, posited in order”
:
Ibid., 336.

“entirely fabricated from”
:
Miri Albahari in Mark Siderits et al., eds.,
Self, No Self? Perspectives from Analytical, Phenomenological, & Indian Traditions
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 92.

“When the brain manages”
:
Antonio Damasio,
Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain
(New York: Vintage, 2012), 11.

“The self is introduced”
:
John R. Searle, “The Mystery of Consciousness Continues,” review of Damasio’s
Self Comes to Mind
,
New York Review of Books
, June 9, 2011, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/09/mystery-consciousness-continues.

“mistake lies in taking”
:
Siderits et al., eds.,
Self, No Self?
, 23.

“our mistake lies”
:
Ibid., 23.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

absences,
233
–234,
236

Abugel, Jeff,
146
,
263
–264

Advaita,
260
–261,
266

agency

feeling of,
116

judgment of,
116
,
123

loss of,
117

sense of,
37
,
108
,
116
,
122

AIDS,
12
,
15

Albahari, Miri,
290

Allport, Gordon,
9
,
272

altered states of consciousness,
207
,
209

Althusser, Louis,
14
,
273

Alzheimer, Aloysius,
29
–31,
274

Alzheimer’s disease,
24
,
27
–62,
200
,
224

anosognosia in,
46
,
47
,
49

caregivers,
35
,
55

diagnosis,
33
,
38
,
46

discovery of,
30
–31

driving and,
46
–47

embodied selfhood and,
55
–56,
57

end-stage,
50
,
58

in entorhinal cortex,
44
,
45

first indications of,
32
–33

impact of,
35
,
36

loss in,
34
–35

narrative and,
37
,
51
–52

neurofibrillary tangles,
31

personality changes,
33
–34

stories of,
29
–30,
33
–34,
38
–40,
49
–52,
58
,
61
–62

Amaral, David,
284

Amiel, Henri-Frédéric,
132
,
280
–281

amnesia,
40
–44

amputations

DIY,
71
–72

surgical,
69
,
82
,
84
,
86
,
89
,
90

voluntary,
68
,
81

amputees,
70
,
73

amygdala,
120

Ananthaswamy, Anil,
272
,
282
,
288

anomalous subjective recall,
140
–141

anosognosia,
45
,
46
,
47
,
49

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),
241
,
242

anterior insula,
241
,
242
,
245
,
246
,
247

Anton, Gabriel,
46

Anton’s syndrome,
46

anxiety, autism and,
166

Appearance-Reality (A-R) test,
177
–178

Arledge, Elizabeth,
274

Asperger’s syndrome,
163
–164,
168
,
179

auditory complex,
120
,
121

auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs),
118
,
120

auras,
230
,
231
,
244
,
248

autism,
25
,
163
–194,
264

aloneness and,
167

anxiety and,
166

behavioral disturbances,
186
–187

brain and,
178
,
182
–183,
187
–188,
191

case background,
163
–166

change and,
191
–192

children with,
174
–178

defined,
166

depression and,
166

glitches and,
189

hypersensitivity and,
192

micromovements,
187
,
188

neurotypicals,
179

noisy system and,
189

predictability and,
191
–192

reading minds,
174
,
177
,
192

Sally-Anne test and,
175
–176

self and,
255

self experience,
194

theory of mind and,
172
,
173
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
181
–182,
192

autism spectrum disorder,
168
,
171
,
187

autistic disorder,
167

autobiographical self,
139
–140

autonoetic consciousness,
49

autoscopic hallucinations,
218

autoscopic phenomena.
See also
Doppelgänger effect; Out-of-body experiences

defined,
198

scope of,
199

awakening, false,
209

awareness

conscious,
17
–18,
19

correlation of dimensions,
17

external,
22

internal,
22

object of,
105

self,
22

ayahuasca,
246

Babinski, Joseph,
45
–46

Baker, Down,
280

Baron-Cohen, Simon,
175
,
177
,
178
,
283

Bartolomei, Fabrice,
239
,
243
–244

Bayes, Thomas,
154

Bayes theorem,
154

Bayesian brain,
155
,
189
,
190
,
248

Bayesian networks,
154
–155

Bell, Charles,
109

beta-blockers,
151
–152

BIID.
See
body integrity identity disorder

Blackmore, Susan,
208

Blake, William,
225
,
287

Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne,
114
,
279

Blanke, Olaf,
198
,
209
–210,
211
,
213
,
218
–219,
220
,
286
,
287

Bleuler, Eugen,
99
,
166
,
167

bodily self

brain and,
213

cultural context and,
222

meaning of,
203
–204

ownership,
203
–204

rubber-hand illusion and,
204
–205

windows on,
203

body integrity identity disorder,
25
,
65
–91

amputation,
68
,
69
,
71
,
72
,
81
,
82
,
84

body parts and,
74
–75,
78
,
81

brain and,
76
,
81

comparisons,
82

defined,
65

dry ice and,
66
–67

first accounts of,
67
–69

limb delineation,
80

multiple limbs,
73

patients,
83
,
86
,
90
–91

as perversion,
67

PSM and,
79

psychiatric evaluations and,
85

as real condition,
83
–84,
90
–91

relief,
72
–73

self and,
74

somatoparaphrenia and,
81

suffering,
83

surgery,
84
,
85
,
86
,
89
,
90

whole and complete,
73

body map,
76
,
78

body matrix,
77
,
78

body ownership,
222
,
223
,
261

body parts,
74
–75,
78
,
81

body percept,
185

body size,
223

body-ownership,
77

Bourdieu, Pierre,
55
–56

brain

amygdala,
120

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),
241
,
242

auditory complex,
120
,
121

autism and,
178
,
182
–183,
187
–188,
191

Bayesian,
155
,
189
,
190
,
248

BIID and,
76
,
81

bodily self and,
213

body parts and,
75
–76

Broca’s area,
120
,
121

cerebellum,
57
,
58
,
204

cerebral cortex,
57
,
58

consciousness and,
208

depersonalization and,
147
–148

entorhinal cortex,
44
,
45

frontoparietal network,
17
,
19
,
20
,
22

insula,
20
,
232
,
233

insular cortex,
261

left anterior temporal lobe,
47

maps,
76
,
78

medial prefrontal cortex,
47
,
120
,
121
,
182

networks,
45

parahippocampal gyrus,
120
,
121

physical regions,
57
–58

precuneus,
19
,
182

predictive,
122
,
192
,
193

predictive coding and,
156
–157

prefrontal cortex,
261

putamen,
120

schizophrenia and,
122
–124

somatosensory cortex,
240

superior parietal lobule (SPL),
76
–77

temporal lobe,
230
,
232
,
244

temporoparietal junction,
182
,
183
,
211
,
213
,
261

thalamus,
17
–18

theory of mind and,
182

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex,
147
–148

ventromedial prefrontal cortex,
182
–183

brain death,
3
–6,
19

death claim and,
6

delusion,
4
,
5
,
6
,
13

Bridgeman, Bruce,
279

Broca’s area,
120
,
121

Brugger, Peter,
67
,
76
,
77
,
81
,
197
–198,
199
,
201
–202,
211
,
214
,
218
,
276
,
277
,
285

Buddha,
9
,
26
,
250
,
251
,
252

Buddhism

cognitive attachments to self and,
266

delusional attachment,
262

no-self,
253
,
261
,
265
–266

self and,
256

bundle theorists,
257
,
261

Camus, Albert,
3
,
127
,
271
,
280

Cannon, Walter,
138
,
150

Caplan, Arthur,
82

caregivers, Alzheimer’s disease,
35
,
55

Catteau, Jacques,
287

center of awareness,
200
,
217
–218

cerebellum,
57
,
58
,
204

cerebral cortex,
57
,
58

change, autism and,
191
–192

Cirignotta, F.,
287

Cogito ergo sum
(I think, therefore I am),
8

cognition

in narrative creation,
36
–37

self and,
37

Cohen, David,
10
–13,
26
,
184
–185,
272
,
284

Collins, Paul,
163
,
282

comparator model,
113
,
114
,
117

conceptual self,
53
,
169

conscious awareness

arousal to,
18

frontoparietal network and,
17
,
19

thalamus and,
17
–18

conscious self-model,
258

consciousness

altered states of,
207
,
209

autonoetic,
49

brain and,
208

hard problem of,
21
,
22

non-dualist approach,
261

reflexive,
259

subjectivity and,
259

Consoli, Angéle,
284

constructor,
255

Conway, Martin,
52
–53,
276

Copland, Aaron,
24

core self,
139

Corkin, Suzanne,
42
,
48
,
275

corollary discharge,
110
,
111
,
113
,
121

corollary discharge interneuron (CDI),
113

Cotard, Jules,
6
–7,
271
–272

Cotard’s syndrome,
6
,
7
,
8
,
10
,
79
,
147
,
264

David Cohen and,
10
–13

delusions,
10
–11,
12
,
21

dementia and,
19
–20