The Man Who Wasn't There: Investigations into the Strange New Science of the Self (36 page)

suggestive of different neural mechanisms
:
Jason J. Braithwaite et al., “Fractionating the Unitary Notion of Dissociation: Disembodied but Not Embodied Dissociative Experiences Are Associated with Exocentric Perspective-Taking,”
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
7 (October 2013): 1–12.

“contribute to the sense”
:
Nick Medford, “Emotion and the Unreal Self:
Depersonalization Disorder and De-Affectualization,”
Emotion Review
4, no. 2 (April 2012): 139–44.

“every conceivable kind of feeling”
:
Damasio,
Self Comes to Mind
, 126.

showed increased activity
:
Nick Medford et al., “Functional MRI Studies of Aberrant Self-Experience: Depersonalization Disorder Before and After Treatment,” Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, http://www.theassc.org/assc15_talks_posters.

“Common sense says”
:
William James, “What Is an Emotion?”
Mind
9, no. 34 (1884): 188–205.

“We feel sorry because”
:
Ibid.

people did not necessarily
:
For a complete analysis, see James D. Laird,
Feelings: The Perception of Self
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 65.

“Cognitive factors appear to”
:
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, “Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State,”
Psychological Review
69, no. 5 (September 1962): 379–99.

Beta-blockers essentially inhibit
:
Laird,
Feelings
, 72.

“Removing cues from visceral”
:
Ibid., 73.

the experiments did not take
:
Ibid., 78.

The nineteenth-century German physiologist
:
Anil Seth, ed.,
30-Second Brain
(London: Icon Books, 2014), 50.

The theorem links the conditional
:
Anil Ananthaswamy, “I, Algorithm,”
New Scientist
, January 29, 2011, 28–31.

when the brain’s internal models
:
Anil Seth, “Interoceptive Inference, Emotion, and the Embodied Self,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
17, no. 11 (November 2013): 565–73.

CHAPTER 6: THE SELF’S BABY STEPS

“Autists are the ultimate square pegs”
:
Paul Collins,
Not Even Wrong: A Father’s Journey into the Lost History of Autism
(New York, London: Bloomsbury, 2004), 225.

“I myself am opaque”
:
Anne Nesbet,
The Cabinet of Earths
(New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 49.

In 1916, Swiss psychiatrist Paul Eugen
:
Uta Frith, ed.,
Autism and Asperger Syndrome
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 6.

“the narrowing of relationships”
:
Uta Frith,
Autism: Explaining the Enigma
, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), 5.

“The . . . fundamental disorder is the children’s”
:
Leo Kanner, “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact,”
Nervous Child
2 (1943): 217–50.

“There is from the start”
:
Ibid.

It wasn’t until 1980
:
“A Cultural History of Autism,” PBS, July 29, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/pov/neurotypical/autism-history-timeline.php.

“We must, then, assume ”
:
Kanner, “Autistic Disturbances.” Italics mine.

“The ‘Me’ corresponds to”
:
Philippe Rochat, “Emerging Self-Concept,” in
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development,
2nd ed., J. Gavin Bremner and Theodore D. Wachs, eds. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 322.

In 1991, Ulric Neisser
:
Ibid., p 323.

Rochat has shown that
:
Philippe Rochat and Susan J. Hespos, “Differential Rooting Response by Neonates: Evidence for an Early Sense of Self,”
Early Development and Parenting
6, no. 3–4 (September-December 1997): 105–12.

In 1983, two Austrian psychologists
:
Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner, “Beliefs about Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children’s Understanding of Deception,”
Cognition
13, no. 1 (January 1983): 103–28.

“A travelling salesman”
:
Ibid.

“beginnings of a capacity”
:
Alan M. Leslie, “Pretense and Representation: The Origins of ‘Theory of Mind,’”
Psychological Review
94, no. 4 (1987): 412–26.

“It is an early symptom”
:
Ibid.

“Sally has a basket”
:
Frith,
Autism: Explaining the Enigma
, 82.

autism involved a specific deficit
:
S. Baron-Cohen et al., “Does the Autistic Child Have a ‘Theory of Mind’?,”
Cognition
21, no. 1 (October 1985): 37–46.

the three-year-olds forgot
:
Alison Gopnik and Janet Astington, “Children’s Understanding of Representational Change and Its Relation to the Understanding of False Belief and the Appearance-Reality Distinction,”
Child Development
59, no. 1 (February 1988): 26–37.

“This suggests that these children”
:
Simon Baron-Cohen, “Are Autistic Children ‘Behaviorists’?: An Examination of Their Mental-Physical and Appearance-Reality Distinctions,”
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
19, no. 4 (1989): 579–600. Italics mine.

“freeze the contents”
:
R. T. Hurlburt et al., “Sampling the Form of Inner Experience in Three Adults with Asperger Syndrome,”
Psychological Medicine
24 (May 1994): 385–95.

“There were no reportable”
:
Ibid.

Studies have demonstrated strong correlations
:
Elizabeth Pellicano, “Links between Theory of Mind and Executive Function in Young Children with Autism: Clues to Developmental Primacy,”
Developmental Psychology
43, no. 4 (July 2007): 974–90.

the right temporoparietal junction
:
Hyowon Gweon et al., “Theory of Mind Performance in Children Correlates with Functional Specialization of a Brain Region for Thinking about Thoughts,”
Child Development
83, no. 6 (November/December 2012): 1853–868.

the rTPJ is functionally specialized
:
Michael Lombardo et al., “Specialization of Right Temporo-Parietal Junction for Mentalizing and Its Relation to Social Impairments in Autism,”
NeuroImage
56, no. 3 (June 2011): 1832–838.

“the ventromedial prefrontal cortex”
:
Michael Lombardo et al., “Atypical Neural Self-Representation in Autism,”
Brain
133, no. 2 (February 2010): 611–24.

investigating the French practice
:
Laura Spinney, “Therapy for Autistic Children Causes Outcry in France,”
The Lancet
370 (August 2007): 645–46.

“alleged therapy”
:
David Amaral et al., “Against
Le Packing
: A Consensus Statement,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
50, no. 2 (February 2011): 191–2.

John closer to his body
:
Angèle Consoli et al., “Lorazepam, Fluoxetine and Packing Therapy in an Adolescent with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Catatonia,”
Journal of Physiology—Paris
104, no. 6 (September 2010): 309–14.

“combine the body and”
:
David Cohen et al., “Investigating the Use of Packing Therapy in Adolescents with Catatonia: A Retrospective Study,”
Clinical Neuropsychiatry
6, no. 1 (2009): 29–34.

“to reinforce children’s consciousness”
:
Ibid.

“based on clinical observations”
:
Elizabeth B. Torres et al., “Autism: The Micro-Movement Perspective,”
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
7 (July 2013): 1–26.

“There could be error feedback”
:
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers,
Perceiving in Depth, Volume 3: Other Mechanisms of Depth Perception
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 266.

“there is a high probability”
:
Karl Friston, “The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory?”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
11 (February 2010): 127–38.

“resist a natural tendency”
:
Ibid.

“Biological agents must avoid”
:
Ibid.

“A magical world suggests”
:
Pawan Sinha et al., “Autism as a Disorder of Prediction,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
111, no. 42 (October 2014): 15220–5225.

“Theory of mind is inherently”
:
Ibid.

CHAPTER 7: WHEN YOU ARE BESIDE YOURSELF

“This proposition [that]”
:
René Descartes, “Meditations on First Philosophy,” trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane, in
The Philosophical Works of Descartes
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), 9.

“‘Owning’ your body”
:
Thomas Metzinger,
The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), 75.

he jumped out
:
Peter Brugger et al., “Heautoscopy, Epilepsy, and Suicide,”
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
57, no. 7 (1994): 838–39.

“No . . . no . . . of course not”
:
Guy de Maupassant,
The Horla
, trans. Charlotte Mandell (New York: Melville House, 2005), 41.

Eliot was inspired
:
Sunil Kumar Sarker,
T. S. Eliot: Poetry, Plays and Prose
(New Delhi: Atlantic, 2000), 103.

“I know that during”
:
Sir Ernest Shackleton,
South!
The Story of Shackleton’s Last Expedition
(
1914–1917
), available at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5199/5199-h/5199-h.htm.

mentioned in an article
:
Constance Holden, ed.,
“
Doppelgängers,”
Science
291 (January 19, 2001): 429.

“perhaps the most famous”
:
Nicholas Wade, “Guest Editorial,”
Perception
29 (2000): 253–57.

“parts of my body”
:
G. M. Stratton, “Some Preliminary Experiments on Vision without Inversion of the Retinal Image,”
Psychological Review
3 (1896): 611–17.

published another paper
:
G. M. Stratton, “The Spatial Harmony of Touch and Sight,”
Mind
8 (October 1899): 492–505.

“In the more languidly”
:
Ibid.

The strength of the illusion
:
H. Henrik Ehrsson et al., “That’s My Hand! Activity in Premotor Cortex Reflects Feeling of Ownership of a Limb,”
Science
305 (August 6, 2004): 875–77.

temperature in the real hand
:
G. Lorimer Moseley et al., “Psychologically Induced Cooling of a Specific Body Part Caused by the Illusory Ownership of an Artificial Counterpart,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
105, no. 35 (September 2008): 13169–3173.

Ehrsson’s team
:
Arvid Guterstam et al., “The Invisible Hand Illusion: Multisensory Integration Leads to the Embodiment of a Discrete Volume of Empty Space,”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
25, no. 7 (July 2013): 1078–1099.

Metzinger’s OBEs stopped
:
For more details, see Metzinger,
The Ego Tunnel.

leading to the woman’s OBE
:
Olaf Blanke et al., “Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions,”
Nature
419 (September 19, 2002): 269–70.

In the synchronous condition
:
Bigna Lenggenhager et al., “Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness,”
Science
317, no. 5841 (August 24, 2007): 1096-1099.

“looking at my own body”
:
Silvio Ionta et al., “Multisensory Mechanisms in Temporo-Parietal Cortex Support Self-Location and First-Person Perspective,”
Neuron
70, no. 2 (April 2011): 363–74.

yet another full-body illusion
:
Valeria I. Petkova and H. Henrik Ehrsson, “If I Were You: Perceptual Illusion of Body Swapping,”
PLoS One
3, no. 12 (December 2008): e3832.