The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World (41 page)

Thank you to my fabulous research assistant, Rose Lichter-Marck, and to the Columbia Hertog Research Assistant Program, which matched us up and paid her stipend.

Thank you to the Lukas Prize Project, created in memory of the towering journalist and author J. Anthony Lukas, for honoring me with the 2008 Work-in-Progress Award, which gave me the support, moral and material, that I needed to finish this book.

Thank you to the creators of the Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, which was an invaluable resource, and to the librarians at Smith College who helped me access it.

Thank you to Larry Weissman, my wonderful agent, friend, and occasional amateur therapist.

Thank you to my brilliant editor, Vanessa Mobley. Shortly after she acquired this book, one of her authors, an acquaintance of mine, e-mailed me to congratulate me on signing with the best editor in New York. It didn’t take long for me to see what he meant. Thank you to Vanessa’s assistant, Nicole Hughes, who was endlessly patient and helpful with my requests throughout the editing process. And thank you to my diligent copy editor, Rachel Burd, who saved me from a number of potentially mortifying mistakes.

Above all, thank you to Matt Ipcar, my husband and favorite person on earth, who for two years spent all of his vacation time visiting me in far-flung corners of the world. When people say marriage is hard work, I still don’t know what they mean. For that and everything else, thank you, thank you, thank you.

NOTES

INTRODUCTION: THE GLOBAL BATTLE FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

1
World Health Organization,
Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2003
, report, 2007.

2
Ibid.

3
John Cleland, Stan Bernstein, Alex Ezeh, Anibal Faundes, Anna Glasier, and Jolene Innis, “Family Planning: The Unfinished Agenda,”
The Lancet,
Sexual and Reproductive Health Series (October 2006).

4
Jonathan Zimmerman, “Son of Africa or Ugly American?”
International Herald Tribune
, June 17, 2008.

5
Philip Jenkins,
The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 199.

6
Germaine Greer,
Sex & Destiny: The Politics of Human Fertility
(New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1985), p. 23.

7
Ibid., p. 123.

8
Ibid., p. 247.

9
UNICEF,
Women and Children: The Double Dividend of Gender Equality
, report, 2007.

10
Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, “Delivering for Women,”
The Lancet,
October 13-19, 2007.

11
Apollo Mubiru, “Address Denial of Sex—MPS,”
New Vision
, November 26, 2004.

12
World Health Organization,
WHO Multicountry Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women
, Summary Report, 2005.

13
Katherine Mayo,
Mother India
; available online at
www.gutenberg.org
.

14
Katherine Mayo,
Selections From Mother India
, Mrinalini Sinha, ed. (New Delhi: Kali for Women Press, 1998), p. 2.

15
Ibid.

16
Cleland et al., “Family Planning: The Unfinished Agenda.”

17
The 16 Decisions of Grameen Bank; available on the Grameen Bank Web site,
www.grameen-info.org
.

CHAPTER 1 : SANDINISTA FAMILY VALUES

1
Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “Nicaragua Abortion Ban Called a Threat to Lives,”
Boston Globe,
November 26, 2006; N. C. Aizenman, “Nicaragua’s Total Ban on Abortion Spurs Critics,”
Washington Post,
November 28, 2006.

2
Jack Hitt, “Pro-Life Nation,”
New York Times Magazine,
April 9, 2006.

3
This figure comes from unpublished community data collected by the Department of Reproductive Health and Research at the World Health Organization.

4
World Health Organization,
An Assessment of Reproductive Health Needs in Ethiopia
, report, 1999.

5
BBC Monitoring Service, “Kenya: Shock After 15 Foetuses Are Dumped in Nairobi Estate.” Excerpt from report by Kenyan Nation TV on May 26; Shelley Page, “Birth of a Crisis,”
Ottawa Citizen,
October 23, 2004; “Dumped Babies Were Born Dead, Pathologist Tells Court,”
East African Standard,
April 19, 2005; “Dr. Nyamu’s Charge Was Improper,”
The Nation,
June 27, 2005.

6
World Health Organization,
Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000
(Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004), pp. 13-14.

7
Karen Kampwirth, “Arnoldo Aleman Takes On the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua,”
Latin American Politics and Society
(Summer 2003).

8
Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson,
Inside the League
(New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986), pp. 206-11.

9
Hitt, “Pro-Life Nation.”

10
Heathe Luz McNaughton, Ellen M. H. Mitchell, Emilia G. Hernandez, Karen Padilla, and Marta María Blandón, “Patient Privacy and Conflicting Legal and Ethical Obligations in El Salvador: Reporting of Unlawful Abortions,”
American Journal of Public Health
, March 29, 2006.

11
This estimate was provided to me by the World Health Organization’s Department of Reproductive Health and Research. It was based on hospital data collected from the Ministry of Health Web site for 2002.

12
McNaughton et al., “Patient Privacy.”

13
María López Vigil,
Historia de una Rosa
(Managua, Nicaragua: Impresiones Helios, 2003), p. 27.

14
Interview with Marta María Blandón,
Women’s Health Journal,
January 1, 2003.

15
Ibid.

16
Rosita,
directed by Barbara Attie and Janet Goldwater (2005).

17
Steve Bradshaw,
Sex and Holy City
, originally aired on BBC One on October 12, 2003. Produced by Chris Woods for BBC Panorama.

18
Karen Kampwirth,
Women & Guerrilla Movements
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), p. 2. Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley has written that he thinks the 30 percent figure is exaggerated but says, “I am still persuaded that a quantum leap occurred in women’s participation in Latin American revolutionary movements, roughly between 1965 and 1975.” Wickham-Crowley,
Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 216-17.

19
Giocanda Belli,
The Country Under My Skin: A Memoir of Love and War
(New York: Anchor Books, 2003), p. 262.

20
Ibid., p. 272.

21
Katherine Isbester,
Still Fighting: The Nicaraguan Women’s Movement, 1977-2000
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), p. 147.

22
Kampwirth, “Arnoldo Aleman Takes On the NGOs.”

23
Ed Vulliamy, “Nicaragua’s Daniel Ortega in the Lion’s Den Again,”
Observer of London,
September 2, 2001.

24
Sara Miller Llana, “Evangelicals Flex Growing Clout in Nicaragua’s Election,”
Christian Science Monitor,
November 2, 2006.

25
Héctor Tobar, “Nicaragua Poised to Outlaw All Abortions,”
Los Angeles Times,
October 26, 2006.

26
Miller Llana, “Evangelicals Flex Growing Clout.”

27
Jenkins,
The Next Christendom,
p. 142.

28
Ann Barger Hannum, “Sex Tourism in Latin America,”
ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
(Winter, 2002).

29
El Nuevo Diairo,
“Votos vergonzantes,” October 27, 2006.

30
Roberto Collado, “‘Rosita’ revictimizada,”
El Nuevo Diario,
August 9, 2007

31
Ernesto García, “Declaran culpable a padrastro de ‘Rosita,’”
El Nuevo Diario,
November 16, 2007; Eloísa Ibarra and Luis Alemán, “Fiscalía va tras red de Mujeres contra la Violencia,”
El Nuevo Diario,
November 24, 2007.

32
Ibarra and Alemán, “Fiscalía va tras red de Mujeres.”

33
Ibid.

34
Lance Lattig and Angela Heimburger, “Abortion Ban Killing Women,”
Miami Herald,
October 22, 2007.

35
Associated Press, “Women Die After Nicaragua’s Ban on Abortions,” November 6, 2007; Human Rights Watch,
Over Their Dead Bodies: Denial of Access to Emergency Obstetric Care and Therapeutic Abortion in Nicaragua
, report, October 2007.

36
Human Rights Watch,
Over Their Dead Bodies
.

37
Catholic News Service, “Pope Praises Nicaragua’s Recent Ban on Therapeutic Abortions,” September 25, 2007.

CHAPTER 2: THE GREATPOPULATION PANIC, OR FIGHTING COMMUNISM WITH CONTRACEPTION

1
Lisa Cronin Wohl, “Would You Buy an Abortion from This Man? The Harvey Karman Controversy,”
Ms.
(September 1975).

2
Ibid.

3
Ibid.

4
Malcolm Potts, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, October 8-9, 2002. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA, p. 74.

5
Cronin Wohl, “Would You Buy an Abortion from This Man?”

6
Ibid.

7
From National Security Study Memorandum 200, reprinted in Stephen D. Mumford,
The Life and Death of NSSM 200: How the Destruction of Political Will Doomed a U.S. Population Policy
(Research Triangle Park, NC: Center for Research on Population and Security, 1996), p. 550.

8
Andrzej Kulczycki,
The Abortion Debate in the World Arena
(New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 30.

9
Reimert Thorolf Ravenholt, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, July 18-20, 2002. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 122.

10
Phyllis Tilson Piotrow,
World Population Crisis: The United States Response
(New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973); foreword by George H. W. Bush, p. ix.

11
Ellen Chesler,
Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
(New York: Anchor Books, 1993), p. 436.

12
Malcom Potts, oral history, p. 22.

13
Center for Reproductive Rights, “The World’s Abortion Laws, May 2007.” Available on the center’s Web site,
www.reproductiverights.org
.

14
Joseph Chamie, “Coping with World Population Boom and Bust—Part I,” YaleGlobal, August 19, 2004.

15
Amy Ong Tsui, “Population Policies, Family Planning Programs, and Fertility: The Record,”
Population and Development Review,
vol. 27, Supplement: Global Fertility Transition (2001), pp. 184-204.

16
David Bloom, David Canning, and Jaypee Sevilla,
The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change
(Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2003), p. 34.

17
United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, “Programme of Action of the Conference,” Cairo, September 19, 1994. Available at
www.unfpa.org/ispd/ispd-programme.cfm
.

18
Cited in Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
p. 209.

19
Hugh Moore,
The Population Bomb
, self-published booklet, 1957. Rockefeller Archives, Pop Council IV3B4.2, General File Acc. 1, Box 22, File 344.

20
Thomas Robert Malthus,
An Essay on the Principle of Population
(Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), pp. 44-45.

21
Ibid., p. 27.

22
Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
p. 196.

23
Matthew Connelly,
Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2008), p. 77.

24
Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
p. 216.

25
Ibid., p. 215.

26
Connelly,
Fatal Misconception,
p. 8; Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
p. 215.

27
Connelly,
Fatal Misconception,
p. 53.

28
Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
p. 216.

29
Ibid., p. 215.

30
Piotrow,
World Population Crisis,
pp. 3-5.

31
Chesler,
Woman of Valor,
pp. 421-22.

32
Joan Dunlop, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, April 14-15, 2004. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 23.

33
Ibid., p. 44.

34
Phyllis Tilson Piotrow, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, September 16, 2002. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 27.

35
Piotrow,
World Population Crisis,
pp. 37-38.

36
Ibid., p. 38.

37
William H. Draper Jr., interview by Jerry N. Hess, transcript of audio recording, January 11, 1972. Truman Presidential Museum and Library. Available at
trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/draperw.htm
.

38
Piotrow,
World Population Crisis,
p. 39.