The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World (43 page)

76
Dunlop oral history, p. 80.

CHAPTER 4: CAIRO AND BEIJING

1
John Hooper, “Pope And Tehran Do Abortion Deal,”
The Guardian,
August 9, 1994.

2
Deutsche Presse-Agentur, “Cairo: Abortion Row Gets Fresh Emotional Charge,” September 8, 1994.

3
Francis Fukuyama,
The End of History and the Last Man
(New York: Avon Books, 1992), p. 126.

4
Paul Kennedy,
The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations
(New York: Random House, 2006), p. 169.

5
Margaret Mead,
Male & Female
(New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 7.

6
Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris,
Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 10.

7
Joel Achenbach, “At Summit, Dueling Hemispheres; North-South Rift Over Overpopulation,”
Washington Post,
June 5, 1992.

8
Joan Dunlop, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, April 14-15, 2004. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 95.

9
Ibid., p. 115.

10
Sandra Kabir, interview by Deborah McFarlane, transcript of audio recording, March 13-14, 2004. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 52.

11
Nafis Sadik, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, July 24, 2003. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, pp. 31-32.

12
Sharon Camp, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, August 20-21, 2003. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 52.

13
Ibid., p. 53.

14
George Weigel,
Witness to Hope
(Cliff Street Books: New York, 1999), p. 717.

15
Ibid.

16
Ibid., p. 720.

17
Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi,
His Holiness: John Paul II and the History of Our Time
(New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 524.

18
Ibid.

19
“Vatican Pleas to Islam Raise Fears in West,”
International Herald Tribune,
August 19, 1994.

20
Ibid.

21
Donna Lee Bowen, “Abortion, Islam, and the 1994 Cairo Population Conference,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, vol. 29, no. 2 (May 1997), p. 164.

22
Akbar Aghajanian and Amir H. Merhyar, “Fertility, Contraceptive Use and Family Planning Program Activity in the Islamic Republic of Iran,”
International Family Planning Perspectives
, vol. 25, no. 2 (June 1999).

23
Ilana Landsberg-Lewis, ed.,
Bringing Equality Home: Implementing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
, UNIFEM, 1998. Available at the UNIFEM Web site,
www.unifem.org
.

24
United Nations Population Fund,
State of the World Population
, 1999. Available at the UNFPA Web site,
www.unfpa.org
.

25
Thomas C. Fox, “Vatican OKs Most of U.N. Document After Cairo Tactics Stir Bitterness—United Nations Population Conference, Egypt, 1994,”
National Catholic Reporter,
September 23, 1994.

26
Ibid.

27
Weigel,
Witness to Hope,
p. 727.

28
Adrienne Germain, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, transcript of audio recording, June 19-20, 2003. Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, p. 170.

29
Conor Cruise O’Brien, “A Great Defeat for the Vatican,”
The Independent,
September 16, 1994.

30
“More Words Than Deeds,”
The Economist,
September 9, 1995.

31
Barbara Crossette, “U.S. Upholds Role at Talks on Women,”
New York Times
, August 6, 1995.

32
Nancy Pelosi, Letter to the Editor,
New York Times
, August 18, 1995.

33
R. W. Apple Jr., “An Obstacle Removed; China’s Ouster of Wu Helps Make Route to Better Relations a Little Less Bumpy,”
New York Times,
August 25, 1995.

34
Laurie Goodstein, “Women’s Work: New Options; Debating Focus of Conference; Traditionalists Want Motherhood Stressed,”
Washington Post,
August 27, 1995.

35
Patrick E. Tyler, “Hillary Clinton, in China, Details Abuse of Women,”
New York Times,
September 6, 1995.

36
Carl Bernstein,
A Woman in Charge
(New York: Knopf, 2007), p. 438.

37
Quoted in ibid.

38
Quoted in Carroll Bogert, “We Turned This Around,”
Newsweek,
September 18, 1995.

39
Sonia Correa, “What Beijing Means.” International Women’s Health Coalition; available at the coalition Web site,
www.iwhc.org
.

CHAPTER 5: RIGHTS VERSUS RITES

1
Richard A. Shweder, “When Cultures Collide: Which Rights? Whose Tradition of Values? A Critique of the Global Anti-FGM Campaign,” originally prepared for the Joint Princeton University/Central European University Conference on “Universalism and Local Knowledge in Human Rights” (October 24-25, 2003), Princeton, New Jersey.

2
Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, “Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Dimensions of the Practice and Debates,” published in
Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change,
Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, eds. (Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 2000), p. 9.

3
World Health Organization, “Classification of Female Genital Mutilation.” Available at the WHO Web site,
www.who.int
.

4
UNICEF Innocenti Digest,
Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
, Alexia Lewnes, ed., 2005.

5
Report on Female Genital Mutilation as Required by Conference Report (H. Rept. 106-997) to Public Law 106-429 (Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2001). U.S. Department of State, Office of the Senior Coordinator for International Women’s Issues.

6
World Health Organization, “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries,”
The Lancet
(2006):367:1835-41.

7
Ibid.

8
Shweder’s comments were published on John Tierney’s
New York Times
TierneyLab blog on December 5, 2007. The blog is located at
www.tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com
.

9
Gerry Mackie, “Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account,”
American Sociological Review,
vol. 61, no. 6 (December 1996), pp. 999-1017.

10
Ibid.

11
Ibid.

12
Hanny Lightfoot-Klein,
Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa
(New York: Harrington Park Press, 1989), pp. 48-49.

13
Elizabeth Heger Boyle,
Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 2002), p. 31.

14
Lightfoot-Klein, p. 39.

15
Ibid., pp. 38-40.

16
Ibid., p. 42.

17
Lynn M. Thomas,
Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), p. 22.

18
Ibid., p. 1.

19
Ibid., p. 34.

20
Ibid., p. 41.

21
Jomo Kenyatta,
Facing Mount Kenya
(New York: Vintage Books, 1965), p. 128.

22
Shweder, “When Cultures Collide.”

23
Joseph P. Kahn, “Fran P. Hosken, 86; Activist for Women’s Issues Globally,”
Boston Globe
, February 12, 2006.

24
Alex de Waal,
AIDS and Power: Why There Is No Political Crisis—Yet
(London: Zed Books, 2006), p. 120.

25
Ibid., p. 57.

26
Judy Mann, “When Journalists Witness Atrocities,”
Washington Post,
September 23, 1994.

27
Associated Press, “Four Arrested Over Female Circumcision Televised by CNN,” September 12, 1994.

28
Eileen Alt Powell, “Long-Taboo Subject Hits Headlines, Seen as Chance for Change,” Associated Press, September 19, 1994; Nadia Abou Al-Magd, “Egyptian Lawyer Sues CNN Over Female Circumcision Film,” Associated Press, November 5, 1994.

29
Boyle,
Female Genital Cutting,
p. 4.

30
Ibid.

31
Ibid., pp. 4-5.

32
Fauziya Kassindja,
Do They Hear You When You Cry?
(New York: Delta, 1998), p. 3.

33
Ibid., p. 152.

34
Ibid., p. 5.

35
Spice News Services, “Jammeh Says His Government Will Not Ban FGM,” January 22, 1999; Demba Jaw, “Women Disappointed by Jammeh’s Pro-Mutilation Stance,” Panafrican News Agency, January 22, 1999.

36
Boyle,
Female Genital Cutting
, p. 91.

37
See Center for Reproductive Rights briefing paper, “The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa: An Instrument for Advancing Reproductive and Sexual Rights,” February 2006.

38
Daily Observer,
“Gambia; NAMS Ratify Women’s Rights Protocol,” April 28, 2006.

39
Alice Walker,
Possessing the Secret of Joy
(New York: Harcourt, 1992), p. 63.

40
Fuambai Ahmadu, “Ain’t I a Woman Too? Challenging Myths of Sexual Dysfunction in Circumcised Women,” in
Transcultural Bodies: Female Genital Cutting in Global Context,
Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, eds. (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), pp. 281-83.

41
Ibid., p. 283.

42
Fuambai Ahmadu, “Rites and Wrongs: An Insider/Outsider Reflects on Power and Excision,” in
Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change,
Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, eds. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001), p. 287.

43
Ibid.

44
New York Times,
“Sierra Leone Women’s Group Mutilates 600 Girls,” January 13, 1997; IRIN News, “In-Depth: Razor’s Edge—The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation,” UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (March 2005).

45
Mariama Kandeh, “Sierra Leone: FGM Back on the Agenda,”
Concord Times
(Freetown), February 4, 2008.

46
Agence France-Presse, “Sierra Leone Women Demonstrate for ‘Traditional’ Mutilation,” March 4, 2008.

47
Ahmadu, “Rites and Wrongs,” p. 290.

48
Ibid., pp. 291-92.

49
Ibid., p. 292.

50
Ibid., p. 293.

51
Kipchumba Kemei, “Kenya Protest Violence Spreads to South,” Reuters, January 18, 2008; Paul Salopek, “On Road to Kenya’s Past, Future Looks Bleak,”
Chicago Tribune
, February 10, 2008.

52
Jonathan Clayton, “Masai Girls Flee Cruelties of Tribal Traditions,”
Times
(London), May 7, 2004.

53
Cathy Jenkins, “Kenya: Changing Attitudes to Female Circumcision,” BBC Online, Monday, September 6, 1999.

54
“A Safe Haven for Girls Escaping Harm in Kenya,” September 9, 2005, UNFPA News. Available at the UNFPA Web site,
www.unfpa.org
.

55
BBC News Online, “Kenyan Girls Flee Mutilation,” February 7, 2003.

56
Inter Press Service, “Disturbing Trend in Female Genital Mutilation,” June 9, 2004.

57
The Nation,
“Man on the Run After Forced Circumcision Saga,” September 20, 2004.

58
Equality Now, press release, “Two Maasai Girls in Kenya Forced to Undergo Genital Mutilation. Equality Now Urges Kenyan Authorities to Hold Perpetrators Accountable,” September 14, 2004.

59
IRIN News, “In-Depth: Razor’s Edge,” UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, March 2005.

60
Inter Press Service, “Disturbing Trend in Female Genital Mutilation,” June 9, 2004.

61
“Kenya: Creating a Safe Haven, and a Better Future, for Maasai Girls Escaping Violence,” UNFPA. Available at
www.unfpa.org
.

CHAPTER 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE CULTURE WARS

1
Human Rights Watch,
Kosovo: Rape as a Weapon of Ethnic Cleansing
, report, March 21, 2000.

2
Manuel Carballo, “Report of a UNFPA Mission to Albania and Macedonia,” April 5-13, 1999. Privately provided to the author.

3
D. Serrano Fitament. “Assesment Report on Sexual Violence in Kosovo.” Written for the UNFPA, April 27-May 8, 1999. Privately provided to the author.

4
Austin Ruse, “UN Pro-life Lobbying: Full Contact Sport,”
Human Life Review
(Winter 2000).

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid.

7
Michelle Goldberg, “The Zealots Behind President Bush’s U.N. Family Planning Sellout,”
Salon.com
, June 13, 2002.

8
Rod Dreher, “U.N. Opens Kosovo to Anti-family Zealots,”
New York Post,
August 22, 1999.

9
Reprinted in Paul Marx,
Confessions of a Prolife Missionary
(Gaithersburg, MD: Human Life International, 1988), p. 48.

10
Ibid., p. 1.