The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World (45 page)

13
David Willett,
Old Europe? Demographic Change and Pension Reform,
Centre for European Reform, report, 2003.

14
Kirsty Scott, “Pensions Crisis? Just Have Babies,”
The Guardian,
September 24, 2003.

15
Willetts,
Old Europe?

16
Reuters, “Russian Province Tells Couples: Skip Work, Have Sex, Make Babies . . . Win Prizes!” September 13, 2007.

17
Yasha Levine, “Incentivized Birth: How Russia’s Baby-Boosting Policies Are Hurting the Population,”
Slate.com
, July 10, 2008.

18
Seth Mydans, “A Different Kind of Homework for Singapore Students: Get a Date,”
New York Times,
April 29, 2008.

19
European Court of Human Rights, Fourth Section. Case of
Tysi˛ac v. Poland
(Application no. 5410/03), Judgement, Strasbourg, March 20, 2007.

20
Polish Federation for Women and Family Planning, “Contemporary Women’s Hell: Polish Women’s Stories,” Warsaw (2005).

21
Ibid.

22
Beata Pasek, “Will Poland Say No to Abortion? ”
Time,
March 30, 2007.

23
Ian Traynor, “Court Censures Poland for Denying Abortion Rights,”
The Guardian,
March 21, 2007.

24
Adam Easton, “Social Change Slows Polish Birth Rates,” BBC News online, March 29, 2006.

25
Ronald D. Bachman, ed.,
Romania: A Country Study
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress, 1989), available online at countrystudies. us/romania/; Charlotte Hord, Henry P. David, France Donnay, and Merrill Wolf, “Reproductive Health in Romania: Reversing the Ceauşescu Legacy,”
Studies in Family Planning
, vol. 22, no. 4 (July-August 1991), pp. 231-40.

26
“World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision,” Executive Summary, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, 2007.

27
Willetts,
Old Europe ?

28
Ibid.

29
“Krekar Claims Islam Will Win,”
Aftenposten,
March 13, 2006.

30
Quoted in Ian Buruma,
Murder in Amsterdam
(New York: Penguin Press, 2006), pp. 56-57.

31
Dan Bilefsky and Ian Fisher, “Across Europe, Worries on Islam Spread to Center,”
New York Times
, October 11, 2006.

32
Philip Jenkins,
God’s Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s Religious Crisis
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 15.

33
Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka, “Religiousness and Fertility Among European Muslims,”
Population and Development Review
, vol. 33, no. 4 (December 2007), pp. 785-809.

34
Ibid.

35
CIA.
The World Factbook,
accessed online May 20, 2008.

36
Westoff and Frejka, “Religiousness and Fertility Among European Muslims.”

37
Pew Research Center,
Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,
report, May 22, 2007.

38
United Nations Population Division,
The World at Six Billion
(1999); United Nations Population Division,
World Population to 2300
(2004). Both available at the UN Population Division Web site,
www.un.org/esa/population
.

39
United Nations Population Division,
The World at Six Billion
(1999).

40
Elizabeth Leahy, with Robert Engelman, Carolyn Gibb Vogel, Sarah Haddock, and Tod Preston,
The Shape of Things to Come—Why Age Structure Matters to a Safer, More Equitable World,
Population Action International report, April 11, 2007.

41
Jean-Claude Chesnais, “Fertility, Family and Social Policy in Contemporary Western Europe,”
Population and Development Review
, vol. 22, no. 4 (December 1996), pp. 729-39.

42
Ibid.

43
Frances Fosenbluth, Matthew Light, and Claudia Schrag, “The Politics of Gender Equality: Explaining Variation in Fertility Levels in Rich Democracies,”
Women & Politics,
vol. 26, no. 2 (2004).

44
Rana Foroohar, “Myth and Reality,”
Newsweek,
February 27, 2006; Andrea Brandt, Steffen Kraft, Cordula Meyer, and Conny Neumann, “Women Face an Unfair Choice: Career or Children,”
Spiegel Magazine
, May 5, 2006; Mary Daly and Katherine Rake,
Gender and the Welfare State
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2003), p. 139.

45
Mark Landler, “Germany Fights Stigma Against Working Mothers,”
International Herald Tribune,
April 24, 2006.

46
Kimberly Morgan,
Working Mothers and the Welfare State: Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 123.

47
Ibid., pp. 114-15.

48
Ibid., p. 113.

49
Rob Stein, “U.S. Fertility Rate Hits 35-Year High, Stabilizing Population,”
Washington Post,
December 21, 2007.

50
Philip Longman,
The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity and What to Do About It
(New York: Basic Books, 2004), p. 100.

51
Nicholas Eberstadt, “Born in the USA,”
American Interest,
April 19, 2007.

52
Ibid.; Jacqueline E. Darroch, Jennifer J. Frost, and Susheela Singh,
Teenage Sexuality and Reproductive Behavior in Developed Countries,
Alan Guttmacher Institute, November 2001.

53
Eberstadt, “Born in the USA.”

54
CIA,
World Factbook,
accessed online May 17, 2008; Robert Tait, “Ahmadinejad Urges Iranian Baby Boom to Challenge West,”
The Guardian
, October 23, 2006.

55
Data available at the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development Web site,
www.oecd.org
.

56
David Popenoe,
The State of Our Unions: The Social Health of Marriage in America,
National Marriage Project, 2007.

57
Rosenbluth, Light, and Schrag, “The Politics of Low Fertility.”

58
Ibid.

59
Ibid.

60
Britta Hoem, “Entry into Motherhood in Sweden: The Influence of Economic Factors on the Rise and Fall in Fertility, 1986-1997,”
Demographic Research
, vol. 2, Art. 4 (April 17, 2000). Fosenbluth, Light, and Schrag, “The Politics of Low Fertility.”

61
Jody Heymann, Alison Earle and Jeffrey Hayes,
The Work, Family, and Equality Index: How Does the United States Measure Up?,
report of The Project on Global Working Families at Harvard University and McGill University, 2007.

62
UNICEF,
Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries,
report, 2007.

CONCLUSION: SEX AND CHAOS

1
United Nations Population Fund,
State of the World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth.
Available at
www.unfpa.org
.

2
UNICEF,
The State of the World’s Children, 2008,
available at
www.unicef.org
.

3
Alex de Waal,
AIDS and Power: Why There Is No Political Crisis—Yet
(London: Zed Books, 2006), p. 20.

4
Lawrence K. Altman, “H.I.V. Risk Greater for Young African Brides,”
New York Times,
February 29, 2004.

5
Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala, “Protecting Girlhood? Virginity Revivals in the Era of AIDS,”
Agenda 56
(2003).

6
Helen Epstein,
The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the Fight Against AIDS
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 193.

7
Ibid.

8
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) policy brief,
High Food Prices: The What, Who, and How of Proposed Policy Actions,
May 2008.

9
Mark Clayton, “Is Water Becoming ‘the New Oil?’”
Christian Science Monitor,
May 29, 2008.

10
UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Climate Change 2007,
Synthesis Report: “Summary for Policymakers.” Available on the panel’s Web site,
www.ipcc.ch
.

11
Transcript of Remarks by Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, General Michael V. Hayden, at the Landon Lecture Series, Kansas State University, April 30, 2008. Available at the CIA Web site,
www.cia.gov
.

12
IFPRI, “High Food Prices.”

13
Jeffrey D. Sachs,
Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008), pp. 163- 64.

14
UNFPA,
State of the World Population, 2007.

15
United Nations Population Division,
World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision Highlights
. United Nations, New York, 2007.

16
Gilda Sedgh, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole, and Susheela Singh,
Women with an Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries and Their Reasons for Not Using a Method,
Guttmacher Institute Occasional Report, no. 37 (July 2007).

17
Facts About the Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries,
Guttmacher Institute fact sheet, July 2007.

18
Sedgh et al.,
Women with an Unmet Need for Contraception
.

INDEX

abortion bans

abortion(s)

in Africa

in Albania

in Bangladesh

Catholic Church and

in Chile

in Costa Rica

in Ethiopia

in India

Islam and

in Japan

in Kenya

in Latin America

legality, extent of

maternal mortality and

methods of

in Mexico City

number of unsafe

in Poland

proxy battles over

rate of, relative to birth control use

in Romania

sex selective.
See
sex selection

in South Korea

therapeutic

in United States

unsafe

in Yugoslavia

abstinence-only policies

Abzug, Bella

Africa.
See also specific countries

abortion in

activism and global governance in

cultural conservatism of

female circumcision in

HIV/AIDS in

population boom in

treatment of women in

unmet need for contraception in

Against Our Will
(Brownmiller)

Ahmadu, Fuambai

A. H. Robins Company

AIDS.
See
HIV/AIDS

AIDS and Power
(de Waal)

Alemán, Arnoldo

Algeria

Altamirano, Klemen

Altamirano, Ligia

America Alone
(Steyn)

American Life Lobby

Amnesty International

antiabortion movements.
See
pro-life movements

anticolonialism, pro-life movements and

antiglobalization movement

anti-Semitism

ARENA

Asia

Asociación Nicaragüense por la Vida (Anprovida)

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Women’s Health Coalition

Bare Branches
(Hudson and den Boer)

Bedi, Puneet

Benedick, Richard

Benedict XVI, Pope

Berelson, Bernard

Bernstein, Carl

“Beyond Family Planning” (Berelson)

Bhutto, Benazir

Biegman, Niek

Bien-Aimé, Taina

Billings, John and Evelyn

birthrate, low

effects of

in Europe

immigration and

pro-life movements and

reasons for

reproductive rights and

birthrates

in Algeria

in Bangladesh

birthrates (
cont.
)

in Europe

in France

in Germany

of Grameen Bank borrowers

in Iceland

in India

in Iran

in Ireland

in Italy

in Japan

low.
See
birthrate, low

in Morocco

Muslim

in Pakistan

in Poland

regional differences in

religion and

in Russia

in Singapore

social traditionalism and

in South Korea

in Spain

in Sweden

in Turkey

in United States

births, unwanted

Blandón, Marta María

Bojorge, Jazmina

Bondo women

Bongaarts, John

Borlaug, Norman

Bosak, Krzysztof

Boserup, Ester

Brazil

Brookman-Amissah, Eunice

Brownmiller, Susan

Brundtland, Gro Harlem

Buchanan, Pat

Buckley, James

Burkina Faso

Bush, George H. W.

Bush, George W.

Cabal, Luisa

Cabrera, Rafael

Cairo declaration

Cairo lobby

Caldwell, John C.

Camp, Sharon

Canada

Cape Verde

Carlson, Allan

Carter, Jimmy

Casti Connubii

Catholic Church

abortion and

birth control and

Cairo conference (1994) and

C-FAM and

during cold war

Daniel Ortega’s involvement with

evangelicals and

Islam and

in Nicaragua

Rosa case and

United Nations and

United States population policy and

Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute