Authors: Sean Carroll
Riess, Adam, 255
Rohlf, James, 180
Rome, 279
Royal Academy of Sciences, 209–10
Rubbia, Carlo, 62, 80–81, 90, 179–80, 237
Rubin, Vera, 243–44
Rutherford, Ernest, 41, 46
Sagan, Carl, 280
Sakurai Prize, 240
Salam, Abdus, 162, 217, 225, 233–37
Savage, Christopher, 250
scalar bosons
and the Higgs mechanism, 224
and particle spin, 286, 289–90
and spontaneous symmetry-breaking, 217–18,
218,
225
scalar fields
and development of the Higgs model, 222, 223–24
and particle spin, 286, 292
and spontaneous symmetry-breaking, 217–18,
218
and supersymmetry, 260
and vacuum energy, 256
Scherk, Joël, 262
Schmidt, Brian, 255
Schmitt, Michael, 203
Schriffer, Robert, 214
Schwartz, Melvin, 48, 67
Schwarz, John, 262–63
Schwinger, Julian, 213, 219–20, 223, 229–32,
230
Schwitters, Roy, 71
Science and Entertainment Exchange, 205
scientific method, 175–76, 266, 280–81
scintillation, 251
Scott, Ridley, 205
Segrè, Emilio, 56
Shaggy 2 Dope, 115–16
Shaposhnikov, Mikhail, 266
sigma intervals, 176–78,
177
SLAC Linear Accelerator Center, 66–67
Smoot, George, 21
solar energy, 30
Soviet Union, 228
spacetime, 124, 263–64,
264,
286
special relativity, 123, 127–28
spin of particles
and degrees of freedom, 288–90
described, 285–88
and fermions, 158, 285–86, 290–94
and gravity, 52, 286, 291
and helicity, 290–92
intrinsic spin values,
287
and mass, 283–92
of massless particles, 158
and parity violation, 231–32
right-hand rule, 286
spin statistics theorem, 286
and superconductivity, 215
Standard Model
and the Big Bang, 161
and bosons, 52–54,
53
and dark matter, 245–47, 249
fields specified in, 252
and Higgs decay modes, 171, 186, 188
and the Higgs field, 137
and the Higgs mechanism, 224
and human biology, 280
and leptons,
49
and particle detector findings, 103
and particle spin, 286
physics theories beyond, 17
and properties of the Higgs boson, 11–12, 26–27, 37, 55, 169, 245
and quantum field theory, 33
and quarks, 26,
51,
198
and statistical analysis, 179
and supersymmetry, 257,
259
theory finalized, 8
and weak interactions,
230,
235, 280
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 66–67
statistical analysis
and discovery of the Higgs, 181–85, 187–88
and OPERA experiment findings, 196
and particle accelerator results, 64–65
and particle decay, 54
and quantum mechanics, 178–81
and significance intervals, 175–78,
177,
181–85, 196–97
statistical vs. systematic error, 197
and threshold for discovery, 16, 165
Steinberger, Jack, 48, 67, 79
Stewart, Jon, 190–91
strange quarks, 50,
51,
146, 158, 294
string theory, 117, 261–64, 267
strong nuclear force
and charge of particles, 43
and dark matter, 247–48
and fermions, 293
and Higgs decay modes, 172
and mass of ordinary matter, 145
and mass of particles, 273
and particle detector findings, 103, 104–5
and particle spin, 291
and quantum field theory, 130
and quarks, 41
range of, 30
and resting value of Higgs field, 146
and string theory, 262
and supersymmetry, 257
and symmetry, 152, 213
and Yang-Mills theories, 156
Strumia, Alessandro, 201
Sundance Film Festival, 208
Sundrum, Raman, 265
superconducting magnets, 75–77, 88–90, 274
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), 1–2, 17, 24, 69–73, 80, 234–35, 270, 275
superconductivity, 211–15
supergravity theory, 265
superpartner particles, 257–59,
259
Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), 62, 90
superstring theory, 262, 265
supersymmetry, 257–61,
259,
262, 268, 286
Susskind, Leonard, 261
symmetry and asymmetry
analogy for lay audience, 137–39
and the Big Bang, 160–61
and connection fields, 152,
152,
162
and electroweak unification, 232–34
“flavor” symmetries, 150
and gauge bosons, 52, 160, 213
and the Higgs boson, 12
and the Higgs field, 52, 146,
147,
147–50, 156–60, 162, 273–74, 278, 289, 292
local symmetries, 151, 154–55, 211, 222, 289
and matter-antimatter ratio, 268
and particle spin, 289
summarized, 36
and superconductivity, 211–15
supersymmetry, 257–61,
259,
262, 268, 286
symmetry-breaking, 52,
147,
147–53, 156–60, 162, 215–18, 218–21,
225,
233, 235–36, 292
and weak interactions, 150–53, 154–56
Synchrocyclotron, 61
Taubes, Gary, 179–80
tau leptons
discovery of, 49, 66
and Higgs decay modes, 170,
171,
199
interaction with Higgs boson, 143
and mass, 145
and particle detector findings, 104, 180
and resting value of Higgs field, 146
and symmetry, 149, 159
tau-antitau pairs,
171,
172,
173,
187
tau neutrinos, 41, 159
taxes, 270
Taylor, Joseph, 124
Taylor, Richard, 66
“technicolor” models, 268
technological applications of physics research, 271–72, 274–75
The
Telegraph,
78, 163
Teresi, Dick, 20, 25
Tevatron
competition with LHC, 65
described, 68
and Higgs decay modes, 199
maximum energies achieved, 86
as predecessor of the LHC, 16
and search for the Higgs, 68–69
and top quark discovery, 136–37, 198
theology and physics, 21–22, 22–24
theory of everything, 262
“A Theory of Leptons” (Weinberg), 235–37
‘t Hooft, Gerard, 236, 238, 239
tidal forces, 63–64
time travel, 196
Tkachev, Igor, 266
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 213, 229
Tonelli, Guido, 164, 184, 195–96
topography, 152
top quarks
charge of, 50, 294
and creation of Higgs bosons, 167
discovery of, 16, 68, 198
and Higgs decay modes, 170
and the Higgs field, 137
interaction with Higgs boson, 143
and quark generations,
51
and resting value of Higgs field, 146
and symmetry of weak interactions, 158
A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS.
See
ATLAS
toroidal magnets, 99–100
TOTEM (TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross-section Measurement), 97–98
Touschek, Bruno, 62
translation invariance, 149
triggers, 111–12
Twitter, 203–4
UA2 detector, 184
uncertainty,
35,
130
unified theories, 282
up quarks
and atomic structure, 10–11, 28
charge of, 50, 294
interaction with Higgs boson, 143
and particle spin, 285, 291
and quark generations,
51
and resting value of Higgs field, 146
and symmetry of weak interactions, 158
and weak interactions, 32
U.S. Congress, 1, 24, 269
U-70 Synchrotron, 87
vacuum energy, 221, 253, 254–56, 265–67
valence quarks,
102
Veltman, Martinus “Tini,” 236
Violent J, 115–16
VIRGO observatory, 124–25
virtual particles
and boson mass, 156
and creation of Higgs bosons, 167–68
and dark matter, 249–50
and field values, 253
and Higgs decay modes, 170, 188
and mass, 144
and neutron decay, 132–33
and proton collisions,
102
and proton mass, 101
and quantum field theory, 129–30
quark-antiquark pairs, 51, 101