The Pirate Queen (62 page)

Chapter 6.
The Politics of Piracy, Trade, and Religion

1. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, 2000), p. 150.

2.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, 1558–1567, p. 234, no. 158. Bishop Quadra to Cardinal de Granvelle, London, April 2, 1562.

3. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
, p. 118

4. Ibid., p. 117. See also Groen van Prinsterer,
Archives
, 1st series, I, 152, Granvelle to Philip II, March 10, 1563.

5. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
, pp. 120–123.

6. Ibid.

7. G. D. Ramsay,
The City of London
(Manchester, 1964), p. 137.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid. c.f. SP 70/39/200. Tipton to Chaloner, July 4, 1562.

10. The “lines of amity” meant European waters. While the pope had divided the world between Portugal and Spain in the previous century, successive Tudor monarchs had never bought into the idea that all other nations, and especially England, should not be allowed to trade in Portuguese and Spanish waters.

11. This becomes more comprehensible when we consider that Philip II had the best claim to the Portuguese throne should Sebastian die childless. Also see, G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II,
p. 123.

12. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), p. 53

13. Ibid.

14.
CSP—Foreign
, 1562, no. 18.

15. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), pp. 199-200.

16. Ibid.
,
p. 195.

17. N. Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), p. 199.

18. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea,
p. 198.

19. Ibid.

20. R. B. Wernham,
Before the Armada
(London, 1966), p. 279.

21.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, p. 322 (de Quadra to Philip)

22. G. D. Ramsay,
The City of London,
p. 116.

23.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, p. 239, no. 31.

24. National Archives, SP Foreign, Elizabeth, 70/41/503, fols. 239r-241r. Written in Cecil’s secretary’s hand, though definitely Elizabeth’s words. Postscript written by Cecil.

25.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, 1558–1567, p. 234, no. 158.

26. Ibid.

Chapter 7.
Raising the Stakes

1. N. Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, p. 54.

2. J.A., Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary imprint), p. 71.

3.
CSP—Venice
, vol. 2, pp. 207–208.

4. J.A. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, p. 75

5. Ibid., p. 79.

6. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), p. 322.

7. “Pease” were dried lentils made into porridge. The nursery rhyme, “Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold, pease porridge in the pot, nine days old,” may well have had its origins among the sea shanties that were sung at this time.

8. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, p. 198.

9. Ibid., p. 199.

10. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), p. 54.

11. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, 2000), pp. 117–119.

12. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, p. 53.

13. Richard Hakluyt,
Principall Navigations
(London, 1598), p. 522. Also see H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
(New Haven, 2003), p. 12.

14. Ibid.

15. Slave trading, begun and heavily taxed by the Spanish and the Portuguese, was considered not only a legitimate but also humane activity to replace the Native American populations decimated by war, famine, and disease. For a brilliant account of the reasons for conquest of southern America by the Spanish, read Jared Diamond’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book,
Guns, Germs and Steel
(New York, 1997).

16. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 117.

17. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, p. 57.

18. Ibid.

19. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins,
p. 15. See also N. Hazelwood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, pp. 50–51. Agreed taxes in Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, p. 88.

20.
CSP—Foreign
, no 1136, pp. 497–498.

21. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 17.

22. William Monson,
Sir William Monson’s Tracts
(London, 1625), vol. 2, pp. 247–248.

23. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, pp. 107–108. See also
CSP—Foreign
, 1562, no. 18.

24. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 16.

25.
DNB
(biography on Stucley).

26.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, p. 322 (de Quadra to Philip).

27.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 3, p. 349.

28.
CSP—Foreign
, 1564–1565, p. 272.

29. G. D. Ramsay,
The City of London
, chapter 8 relating to Emden.

Chapter 8.
Cunning Deceits

1.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, p. 352.

2.
APC
, p. 146.

3. Ibid., pp. 373–374.

4. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), p. 91.

5. Julian A. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary imprint), p. 84.

6.
CSP—Spain,
vol. 1, pp. 373–374.

7. Ibid.

8. G. D. Ramsay,
The City of London
(Manchester, 1964), p. 238.

9. See Ibid., chapter 8, pp. 251–283.

10.
APC
, pp. 154–156. There were eight securities that were “canceled” by the queen, some of which were on behalf of the City of London. At the time of cancellation, the queen owed well in excess of 800,000 Fl, or £200,000 ($6.87 billion or £4.04 billion today) or a year’s entire exchequer receipts.

11.
APC
, pp. 157–158.

12. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, 2000), p. 28. This grew to over 2,000 by the 1590s.

13.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, pp. 383–384. The sums owed by the queen far exceeded what de Silva had gleaned, but the rates of interest did not exceed 10 percent.

14. J.S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, pp. 84–85. See also N. Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, pp. 94–95.

15. John W. Blake,
West Africa, Quest for God and Gold—1454–1578
(London, 1977), p. 107.

16. Ibid., p. 138.

17. BL, Lansdowne MS 171, ff. 148–9.

18. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, p. 95 as quoted from Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
(London, 1598).

19. Lodge had been caught at the wrong end of the financial cycle in Antwerp, and had been propped up by the queen herself to join in on this expedition in the hope of avoiding bankruptcy.

20. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader,
p. 97.

21. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
(New Haven, 2003), p. 20.

22. Ibid. The brigantines, small light craft, usually carried explosives and other highly flammable and unstable stores at sea, and were used for close onshore work in unfamiliar harbors since they had a very shallow draft.

23. See Dava Sobel’s fabulous book
Longitude
(London, 1998). On page 14, she explains for the uninitiated “dead reckoning” better than anyone else when she writes, “The captain would throw a log overboard and observe how quickly the ship receded from this guidepost. He noted the crude speedometer reading in his ship’s logbook, along with the direction of travel, which he took from the stars or a compass, and the length of time on a particular course, counted with a sandglass or a pocket watch. Factoring in the effects of ocean currents, fickle winds, and errors in judgment, he then determined his longitude. He routinely missed the mark.”

24. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 20.

25. Ibid., p. 21.

26. In Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
, see John Sparke, “Voyage Made by the Worshipful J. Hawkins,” p. 523.

27. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 22.

28. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 23.

29. Ibid.

30.
CSP—Foreign
, pp. 15–20.

31. Ibid., p. 24. See also National Archives, MS SP 70/99, fols. 4–5v.

32. In Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
, see John Sparke, “Voyage Made by the Worshipful J. Hawkins,” p. 523.

33. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 26. See also letter from Hawkins to Alonso Bernáldez dated April 16, 1565, AGI Justicia 93, fol. 88v.

34. Ibid. See also John Sparke, “Voyage Made by the Worshipful J. Hawkins,” in Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
.

35. Ibid., p. 28. See also N. Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, pp. 122–130 for a detailed account.

36. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, p. 127–128.

Chapter 9.
The Gloves Are Off

1. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary imprint), p. 89.

2. Ibid., p. 90.

3. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), p. 139.

4. Kenneth Andrews,
The Spanish Caribbean
(London, 1978), p. 91.

5. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 76.

6.
APC
, October 11, 1565, p. 267.

7. C. Brady,
The Chief Governors of Ireland
(Dublin, 2004), pp. 6–7.

8. Ibid., p. 118. See also Henry Sidney’s
Articles
, May 20, 1565, SP 63/13/46.

9. Kenneth Andrews,
The Spanish Caribbean
, p. 109.

10. James Williamson’s
Sir John Hawkins
(Oxford, 1927) believes that the goal was for a less reprehensible trade in textiles. Many experts believe that Professor Williamson’s slant on matters could be colored by the fact that he is a descendant of Hawkins’s.

11.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 1, p. 494.

12. Nick Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader,
p. 145.

13. Ibid., p. 148.

14. Ibid., pp. 152–153.

15. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
(New Haven, 2003), p. 39. See also, SP 12/40/99, f. 211.

Chapter 10.
Lovell’s Lamentable Voyage

1. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
(New Haven, 2003), p. 41.

2. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), p. 19. See also, Conway Papers Manuscript, “Confession of Michael Morgan, January 1574.” Add MS 7235.

3. Ibid., p. 20.

4.
CPR
, Edward, Second Year of his Reign, No. 893. Dated Westminster. 18 Dec 1548.

5. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins,
p. 43.

6. L. S. Marcus,
Elizabeth I Collected Works
,
c.f.
SP Scotland, Elizabeth 52/13/17, f. 30r (copy of the French original).

7. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
, p. 44.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., p. 45. See also N. Hazlewood,
The Queen’s Slave Trader
(New York, 2005), pp. 157–158.

10. Ibid., p. 46.

11. Ibid.

Chapter 11.
The Troublesome Voyage of John Hawkins

1. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), p. 23.