The Pirate Queen (65 page)

2. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
(New York, 2004), pp. 76–79.

3. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), p. 120.

4. F. Drake,
The World Encompassed
, p. 164.

5. According to Sugden, the exchange rate between the GBP and the
peso de oro
was 8 shillings 3 pence (prior to decimalization). This rounds off to .4075 pence today. Since rates of exchange vacillated then, as now, the rate of exchange between foreign currency and sterling had changed too.

6. F. Drake,
The World Encompassed
(London, 1996), pp. 165-166.

7. Ibid., p. 167.

8. Drake refers to the vessel as the
Cacafuego
in his narrative, and so I call it that, too, in mine to obviate confusion. Apparently after she was taken, one of the Spaniards renamed her the
Cacaplata
—or the “shits plate,” meaning gold.

9. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, p. 125.

10. Ibid.

11. For the last of these prizes, Drake agreed with the Spanish owner that he would only take the cargo since the ship was all he had.

12. F. Drake,
The World Encompassed
, additional notes, p. 213.

13. Ibid., p. 170. While this formed the vast majority of the booty, it wasn’t all.

14. The huge debate over whether this was San Francisco or not is not discussed here. The controversy rages on, and there are many scholars who are better placed than I to pronounce on this point. What I would say is that this mooring was most likely within the boundaries of what is today the continental United States.

15. W.S.W. Vaux (ed.),
The World Encompassed
, p. 237.

16. F. Drake,
The World Encompassed
, p. 184.

17. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, pp. 136–138.

18. Ibid., p. 140. Cf. Henry Wagner,
Sir Francis Drake’s Voyage Around the World
(Mansfield Center, CT, 2005), p. 180.

19. According to Spanish sources like Antonio de Herrera’s
Historia General de Mundo
(Madrid, 1606), Babu had plotted to kill Drake since he had traded without his permission.

20. Ibid., p. 141.

21. Zelia Nuttall (ed.),
New Light on Drake
(London, 1914), pp. 383–384.

22. Julian Corbett and Henry Wagner both feel that the incident probably took place near Tomori Bay or Vesuvius Reef nearby.

23. Zelia Nuttall (ed.),
New Light on Drake
, p. 142.

24. Ibid., p. 143. Cf. W. Anderson,
The Whole of Captain Cook’s Voyages
(London, 1784).

Chapter 27.
The World Is Not Enough

1.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 2, pp. 694–695.

2. Zelia Nuttall (ed.),
New Light on Drake
, pp. 385–386. Of all those who claimed money back from Drake, Nuño da Silva alone met with Drake privately, and dropped any claims he had against the commander following on that meeting. Drake clearly gave credit where it was due, and he treated his former captive with generosity.

3. J. Calvar Gross,
La Batalla del Mar Oceáno
(Madrid, 1988), vol. 1, no. 395.

4.
CSP—Domestic
, the queen to Tremayne, October 25, 1580, no. 30.

5. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
(New York, 2004), pp. 74–81, for a brief financial history of the takeover of Portugal by Spain and Elizabeth’s reaction.

6. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary reprint), pp. 408–409.

7. Ibid.

8. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
, pp. 82–105. Also see J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy,
p. 332. After completing the book, I found specific references in the de Lisle papers regarding Leicester’s mission while accompanying Anjou to the Low Countries.

9. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy,
p. 402.

10. The knighthood of Sir Francis Drake is recounted in all his biographies, and in film. My favorite “rendition” is J. Corbett’s in
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, pp. 315–318, followed by J. Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake
, pp. 150–151. It’s vintage Elizabeth.

Chapter 28.
Elizabeth Strikes Back in the Levant

1. The Prince
was, of course, in Elizabeth’s personal library. It is also the only book besides the Bible I know of that has never been out of popular print since it was first published 500 years ago. Dedicated to the Magnificent Lorenzo de’ Medici, it was published posthumously. Machiavelli, who had no formal education as a child due to the family’s extreme poverty, died in 1527.

2. Francis, Duke of Anjou, had been the Duke of Alençon until his brother, King Charles IX, died. On Henry of Anjou’s accession to the French throne as Henry III, Francis dropped the title of Alençon and became Francis, Duke of Anjou.

3. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 90. Cf. Walsingham’s memo headed “A Consideration of the Trade into Turkey.”

4. Ibid., pp. 91–92.

5. S.A. Skilliter
Harborne
(London, 1977), pp. 159–200. Also see Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
(London, 1598), vol. 5, pp. 189–191, and
CSP—Foreign
, p. 781.

6. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement,
p. 94.

7.
Richard Hakluyt,
Principall Navigations
, vol. 5, p. 459.

8. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 507.

Chapter 29.
Katherine Champernowne’s Sons Take Up the American Dream

1. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), pp. 36–37.

2. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), pp. 184–185. Cf. Thomas Churchyard,
Churchyard’s Choice
(London, 1587), p. 128, and Richard Chope,
A New Light on Grenville
(London, 1918), p. 214.

3. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 38.

4. Ibid.

5. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 187.

6. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 39.

7. BL, Harl. 6993, f.5. Letter from Walter Raleigh to the Earl of Leicester from Lismore, August 26, 1581.

8.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 3, pp. xxxiii, 186.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., pp. xxxiv, 193.

11. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 190.

12. Ibid., Cf. D.B. Quinn,
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
(Liverpool, 1983), pp. 49–53.

13. D. B. Quinn,
England and the Discovery of America
(London, 1974), pp. 364-397.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid., p. 217.

17. A. Beer,
Bess: The Life of Lady Ralegh
(London, 2003), pp. 45–47. This plot did indeed involve Mary Queen of Scots, and was a vicious attempt on Elizabeth’s life. Burghley and Walsingham put in place a set of draconian laws that were intended to safeguard the queen, but only punished her Catholic subjects. Though the Babington Plot, for which Mary lost her life, was barely anything more than entrapment, she certainly had acted to kill the Queen of England in the Throckmorton Plot. Francis Throckmorton’s cousin, Elizabeth Throckmorton, would later become Walter Raleigh’s wife.

18. Richard Hakluyt,
Principall Navigations
(London, 1598), vol. 8, pp. 34–77.

19. Ibid., p. 77.

Chapter 30.
The Defeats of 1582–84

1. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
(New York, 2004), pp. 87–88.

2. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), p. 165, also pp. 166–168.

3. John Drake was captured and brought to Lima where he was “interrogated” and tortured by the Inquisition. Seven years later, it is presumed that he was made to walk in the
auto-da-fé
at Lima, repenting his Lutheranism, since another eighty-eight-year-old John Drake was made to walk another
auto-da-fé
at Cartagena in December 1650.

4. H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins
(New Haven, 2003), p. 166.

5. Ibid., p. 168.

6. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), p. 246.

Chapter 31.
Water!

1. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), p. 248.

2. A. Latham and J. Youings (eds.),
The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh
(London, 2001), p. 13.

3. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), p. 17.

4. D. Wilson,
Sweet Robin (London, 1981),
pp. 272–273.

5. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 52.

6. Ibid., p. 53.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., p. 54.

9. Ibid.

10. Richard Hakluyt (ed.),
Virginia Voyages
, pp. 8–12.

11. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 61.

Chapter 32.
Roanoke

1. This is a portion of a poem reply to Raleigh’s poem from BL, MS Add. 63742, f. 116r, oddly included in a vellum-bound tome described as
Letters from Henry, fourth Earl of Derby
. Pug was another of Elizabeth’s nicknames for Raleigh.

2. E. G. R. Taylor,
Writings of the Hakluyts
(London, 1935), p. 326. Also see Charles Deane (ed.),
Discourse on Western Planting
(London, 1877).

3. R. B. Wernham,
The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy
(Berkeley, 1980), p. 55.

4. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 205.

5. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), p. 59.

6. G. Milton,
Big Chief Elizabeth
(London, 2000), pp. 46–47.

7. Dee was the first to systematically use the mathematical signs of equals, plus, minus, divide, and multiply, and he wrote a treatise on using these universally in the 1560s.

8. Ibid., p. 103.

9. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 205.

10. Richard Hakluyt,
Virginia Voyages
(London, 1888), pp. 22–23.

Chapter 33.
The Queen Lets Loose Her Dragon

1. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, 2000), p. 175.

2. D. Loades,
The Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1992), p. 234.

3. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, p. 178. Cf.
CSP—Foreign
, pp. 330–332.

4. Ibid., pp. 178–181.

5. Ibid., p. 182.

6. Ibid., p. 186.

7. Ibid., p. 187.

8. Ibid., p. 189. Cf.
García Fernández de Torrequemada’s Letter to the Spanish Crown 4th February 1587
, Irene A. Wright, ed. (London, 1951),
pp. 200–205.

9. Ibid., p. 190. Cf.
Rodrigo Fernández de Ribera to the Crown
, in Wright,
Further Voyages to Spanish America
(London, 1951), pp. 178–180.

10. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), p. 68.

11. See G. Milton’s
Big Chief Elizabeth
(London, 2000), for a description of the character and recruitment criteria for the first colonists, pp. 83–92.

12. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, pp. 70–71. The White drawings are at the British Library and can be seen in the two-volume set,
The American Drawings of John White
.

13. Richard Hakluyt,
The Virginia Voyages
, pp. 33-34.

14. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 208, Cf. Richard Hakluyt,
Principall Navigation
(London, 1598), vol. 8, p. 331.

15. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), p. 194. There were two examples of great courage by the Spaniards: Captain Alonso Bravo, a captain of the infantry, was taken prisoner only after six wounds had been inflicted; and the Spanish standard bearer stood his ground until Carleill himself had to kill him.