The Pirate Queen (66 page)

16. Ibid., p. 196.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., p. 198.

19. Richard Hakluyt,
The Virginia Voyages
, pp. 42–45.

Chapter 34.
The Camel’s Back

1. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
(New York, 2004), p. 95.

2. L. Marcus, J. Mueller, and M. B. Rose,
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
(Chicago, 2000), pp. 268–272.

3. G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1959), pp. 17–28 carries the full account.

4. S. Ronald,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
, pp. 100–101.

5. G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, pp. 72–74. This book is the most compelling one written about the Armada in my opinion, putting it beautifully into historical context and making the characters of Philip and Elizabeth blaze with life. Though first published in 1959, it is still in print.

6. Ibid., p. 78.

7.
CSP
—
Spain
, vol. 4, p. 61.

Chapter 35.
Cadiz

1. The
CSP—Spain
and
Venice
carry numerous references to Philip’s
torment about Drake, Elizabeth, Raleigh, Leicester, and the newer generation of seaman “explorer” like Raleigh and Cavendish. For a good overview of Cavendish’s accomplishments and voyage, see Derek Wilson’s
The Circumnavigators
(London, 1989).

2. R. W. Kenny,
Elizabeth’s Admiral
(Baltimore, 1970), pp. 38–42.

3.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 4, pp. xix-xx.

4. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), pp. 204–205.

5. SP 12/193, F. 26-28, 42.

6. Drake’s first wife, Mary, had died several years earlier. His second wife was Lady Elizabeth Sydenham, whose father was a wealthy Somerset merchant.

7.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 4, p. 62, no. 62. In Stafford’s defense, he had been complaining of penury for quite some time, begging the queen to give him a financial reward commensurate with his position. Elizabeth naturally demurred.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., p. 65, no. 65, and p. 69, no. 67.

10. BL, MS Cotton Otho E, VIII, 192–195.

11. BL, MS Cotton Vespasian, CVIII, f. 207.

12.
CSP—Venice
, vol. 8, p. 254–258.

13.
CSP—Spain
, vol. 3, p. 368.

14. G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1959), pp. 91–106.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

Chapter 36.
The Plundering of the Spanish Armada

1. J. S. Corbett,
The Spanish War
, p. 109. Cf.
A Letter from Sir Francis Drake to Sir Francis Walsingham
, April 27, 1587.

2. J. K. Laughton (ed.),
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1898), vol. 1, p. 148.

3. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), p. 260. Also see J. Corbett,
The Spanish War
, p. 280.

4. R. Wernham,
Before the Armada
(London, 1966), pp. 377–378. Cf. SP 12/143, f. 20.

5. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, pp. 260–261. Also see G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1959), pp. 107–109; J. S. Corbett,
The Spanish War
, pp. 277–280; W. T. MacCaffrey,
The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime
(Princeton, 1908), p. 299; R. B. Wernham,
The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy
(Berkeley, 1980), p. 59; and Dietz,
The Exchequer under Elizabeth
(New Haven, 2000), pp. 100–103.

6. G. Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, 2000), pp. 182–84. Also see N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004) pp. 258–259.

7. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, p. 259.

8. J. K. Laughton (ed.),
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, vol. 2, pp. 324–331.

9. N. A. M., Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, p. 263–264.

10. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 233.

11. F. Duro,
Armada Invencible
(Madrid, 1884), vol. 2, pp. 5–10.

12. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, p. 264.

13. J. K. Laughton (ed.),
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, vol. 1, pp. 79–81.

14. Bonfires play an important part in British military and social history. There is a great book about them called
Bonfires to Beacons
by Nick Kumons (London, 1990).

15. See J. Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), pp. 234–235, for details.

16. Ibid., pp. 238–239. Also see Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, pp. 232–233.

17. J. Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, pp. 241-246. Also see N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, pp. 265–266.

18. J. Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, p. 246.

19. Ibid., pp. 243–244. The National Archives has the depositions ref. E 133/47. The lawsuit related to the Drakes of Esher being dissatisfied with their share of the family spoils and their lawsuit against Drake’s heir, Thomas Drake.

20. G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, p. 288.

21. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, p. 270. Cf. G. Mattingly,
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, vol. 1, p. 341.

Chapter 37.
America Again…and Again?

1. A. Latham and J. Youings (eds.),
The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh
(London, 2001), pp. 45–46, dated September 13, 1588, from court. My Lord Cumberland to whom he refers is George, third Earl of Cumberland.

2. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), p. 89.

3. G. Milton,
Big Chief Elizabeth
(London, 2000), p. 203.

4. For a splendid profile of White and his colonists, read G. Milton’s
Big Chief Elizabeth.

5. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 92.

6. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), pp. 216–217.

7. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 93.

8. Ibid., p. 94.

9. Kenneth, Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 217.

10. Ibid., p. 218.

11. Richard Hakluyt,
Principall Navigations
(London, 1598), p. 4.

Chapter 38.
The Last Gasp of the Early Roaring ’90s

1. Kenneth Andrews,
Elizabethan Privateering
(Cambridge, 1964), p. 206.

2. Ibid., pp. 236–239. For the best account of the 1589 voyage, see J. Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), chapter XX, pp. 263–284.

3. John Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996), pp. 300–301.

4. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary reprint), vol. 2, p. 340. Cf. SP Spain, xxix, no. 2.

5. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973), pp. 109–114.

6. D. Akenson,
An Irish History of Civilization
(London, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 160–162.

7. J. S. Corbett,
Successors of Drake
(London, 1900), p. 27.

8. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire,
pp. 114–115.

9. D. Akenson,
An Irish History of Civilization
, vol. 1, p. 160.

10. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, pp. 350–351.

11. Ibid., p. 357.

12. Ibid.

13. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 242.

14. Ibid., p. 240.

15. Ibid., p. 219.

16. Ibid.

17. D. B. Quinn,
Ralegh and the British Empire
, p. 126.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 131.

20.
CSP—Venice
, vol. 9, no. 121, pp. 53–54.

21. J. S. Corbett,
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988 Centenary reprint), vol. 2, pp. 366–369.

22. J. Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake
, pp. 302–303.

23.
CSP—Venice
, vol. 9, no. 153, pp. 67–68.

Chapter 39.
The Alchemy That Turned Plunder into Trade

1. Corbett goes into some significant detail on how poor John Doughty, on his return from the voyage of circumnavigation, first tried to have Drake brought to trial for the murder of his brother, and, when that failed, he attempted to kill him. He was thrown into jail unceremoniously—without trial—and the last we see of him is a letter to the Earl of Leicester, Robert Dudley, begging for his release. He undoubtedly died a dreadful and agonizing death in the most undemocratic way repugnant to all great democracies.

2. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 241.

3. BL, MS Additonal 24023, f.1 [in French in Elizabeth’s hand] with the date provided by MS Additional 48212, f.13 as September 13, 1596.

4. Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 241.

5. J. S. Corbett,
Successors of Drake
(London, 1900), pp. 89–90.

6. Ibid., pp. 100–101.

7. Ibid., pp. 102–103.

8. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
(London, 2004), p. 284.

9. Ibid., p. 285.

10. Ibid.

11. Kenneth Andrews,
The Elizabethan Seaman
(London, 1982), p. 322.

12. M. Oppenheim,
A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy
(London, 1896), p. 384.

13. By 1596, Elizabeth had entrusted much of her government’s workings to Robert Cecil, her hunchbacked “Elf.” Cecil, like many Elizabethan children, had a spinal deformity: as a result of the constant taunting he endured while growing up, he was more Machiavellian than any other of the queen’s Privy Councillors. See his entry in the
DNB.

14. By the end of Elizabeth’s reign, Cecil’s farm of “silks” netted him £7,000 annually—$1.77 million or £909,200 today. His “takings” through his adventures with Charles Howard amounted to significantly more.

15. R. W. Kenny,
Elizabeth’s Admiral
(Baltimore, 1970), pp. 37–40.

16. Ibid. Also see Hatfield MSS 4:358, 375.

17. N. A. M. Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, pp. 343–344. Also see Kenneth Andrews,
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, p. 245, and K. R. Kenny,
Elizabeth’s Admiral
, pp. 67–87.

18. Kenneth Andrews,
Elizabethan Privateering
(Cambridge, 1964), pp.
32–34.

19. William Monson,
Sir William Monson’s Tracts
(London, 1625), vol. 4, p. 21.

Chapter 40.
Essex, Ireland, and Tragedy

1.
DNB
, Robert Devereux biography, p. 4.

2. FSL, L.a. 39.

3. For details, see
DNB
biography.

4. BL, MS Additional 74287, f. 13v.

5. Salisbury MSS, 4, 116.

6.
DNB
, Hugh O’Neill biography, p. 1.

7. G. R. Elton,
England Under the Tudors
(London, 1993), pp. 379–385.

8. Ibid., pp. 386–387.

9. FSL, MS V.b. 214, f. 229v–230v.

10.
CSP—Spain
vol. 4, p. 685.

11.
DNB
, biography, p. 18. One of Essex’s many rows with the queen was over the appointment of Bacon as attorney-general. The queen steadfastly refused.

12. D. Akenson,
An Irish History of Civilization
(London, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 165–166.

13. G. R. Elton,
England Under the Tudors
, pp. 388–389.