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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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97-98. Pope Honorius III now officially (“once again”) approved the Franciscan Order in 1223.

115-117. Francis requested that after his death his body lie naked on the bare ground.

118-119. St. Dominic is Francis’s “fellow helmsman. ”

119. St. Peter’s “boat” is the Church.

121. The “Patriarch” is St. Dominic, the founder of St. Thomas’s order, whose life is described in the next canto.

But his own flock is growing greedy now for richer food, and in their hungry search they stray to alien pastures carelessly;

126

the farther off his sheep go wandering from him in all directions, the less milk they bring back when they come back to the fold.

129

True, there are some who, fearing loss, will keep close to their shepherd, but so few are these it would not take much cloth to make their cowls.

132

Now, if my speech has not been too obscure, and if you have been listening carefully, and if you will recall my former words,

135

your wish will have been satisfied in part, for you will have seen how the tree is chipped and why I made the qualifying statement:

138

’where all may fatten if they do not stray. ’ “

CANTO XII

S
T. THOMAS HAVING
completed his discourse, the ring of souls now resumes its circling and is joined by another circle which forms around it. The two move with such harmony that the outer seems an echo of the inner one, and their beauty is such that they resemble concentric rainbows or a double garland of roses. The double rings cease their singing and motion, and Bonaventure, a spirit from that new circle and himself a Franciscan, steps forward to return the compliment made to his leader by St. Thomas. In relating the story of Dominic, Bonaventure follows the pattern set up in Thomas’ story of St. Francis, so that, just as the two rings of souls are twin garlands, the stories of the mendicant leaders are nearly line-by-line parallels. After finishing the story of Dom-

126. The Dominican Order, having become greedy for worldly honors and favors, has deviated from the principles governing the order.

ink, Bonaventure comments, as did Thomas, on the present state of his own order: the Franciscans have been divided by those who would misread his rule. Then, turning from these concerns, Bonaventure introduces himself and the other spirits in this outer circle to Dante.

The very moment that the blessed flame had come to speak its final word, the holy millstone began revolving once again;

3

before it could complete its first full round a second circle was enclosing it: motion with motion, matching song with song—

6

song that in those sweet instruments surpassed the best our Sirens or our Muses sing, as source of light outshines what it reflects.

9

As two concentric arcs of equal hue, are seen as they bend through the misty clouds when Juno tells her handmaid to appear—

12

the outer from the inner one an echo, like to the longing voice of her whom love consumed as morning sun consumes the dew—

15

and reassure the people here below that by the covenant God made with Noah, they have no need to fear another Flood—

18

even so those sempiternal roses wreathed twin garlands round us as the outer one was lovingly responding to the inner.

21

1. The “blessed flame” is the spirit of St. Thomas, who had been speaking up to this point.

2-3. The “millstone” is the circle of spirits.

12. Juno’s handmaiden is Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods.

14-15. Because Narcissus failed to return her love, Echo faded away until only her voice remained.

17-18. The appearance of the rainbow was a promise to Noah that God would never again destroy the earth by water (Genesis 9:8-17).

When dancing and sublime festivity and all the singing, all the gleaming flames (a loving jubilee of light with light),

24

with one accord, at the same instant, ceased (as our two eyes responding to our will, together have to open and to close),

27

then, from the heart of one of those new lights there came a voice that drew me to itself (I was the needle pointing to the star);

30

it spoke: “The love that makes me beautiful moves me to speak about that other guide, the cause of such high praise concerning mine.

33

We should not mention one without the other, since both did battle for a single cause, so let their fame shine gloriously as one.

36

The troops of Christ, rearmed at such great cost, with tardy pace were following their standard, fearful and few, divided in their ranks,

39

when the Emperor who reigns eternally, of His own grace (for they were not deserving) provided for his soldiers in their peril—

42

and, as you have been told, He sent His bride two champions who through their words and deeds helped reunite the scattered company.

45

Within that region where the sweet west wind comes blowing, opening up the fresh new leaves with which all Europe is about to bloom,

48

29. The voice is that of St. Bonaventure (Giovanni di Fidanza), born 1221 at Bagnoregio near Orvieto, a Franciscan monk who became general of the Franciscan Order in 1255 or 1256.

32. The other leader is St. Dominic.

37. Christ’s troops, or humanity, were “rearmed” with the blood of Christ, through His sacrifice on the Cross.

46. The region is Spain, near the Bay of Biscay, which is the area nearest the source of the west wind, or Zephyr.

not far from where the waves break on the shore behind which, when its longest course is done, the sun, at times, will hide from every man,

51

lies Calaroga, fortune-favored town, protected by the mighty shield that bears two lions: one as subject, one as sovereign.

54

There the staunch lover of the Christian faith was born into the world: God’s holy athlete, kind to his own and ruthless to his foes.

57

His mind, the instant God created it, possessed extraordinary power: within his mother’s womb he made her prophesy.

60

The day that he was wed to Christian Faith at the baptismal font, when each of them promised the other mutual salvation,

63

the lady who had answered for him there saw in a dream the marvelous rich fruit that he and all his heirs were to produce,

66

and that he might be known for what he was, a spirit sent from Heaven named the child with His possessive, Whose alone he was:

69

Dominic he was named. I see in him the husbandman, the one chosen by Christ to help Him in the garden of His Church.

72

52-54. The village blessed by Fortune (because Dominic was born there) is Calerucga in Old Castile, which was ruled by kings whose arms consisted of quartered castles and lions, one lion below a castle and one above, thus “one as subject, one as sovereign. ”

55. The “staunch lover” is Dominic, who was born between 1170 and 1175, supposedly into the noble family of Guzmán, and studied theology, beginning at the age of fourteen, at the University of Valencia.

56. Dominic was “
God’s holy athlete
“in the sense of defender of the Faith.

69. The name Dominic means “the Lord’s” in Latin.

Close servant and true messenger of Christ, he made it manifest that his first love was love for the first counsel given by Christ.

75

Often his nurse would find him out of bed, awake and silent, lying on the ground, as if to say, “For this end was I sent. ”

78

O father Felix, felicitously named! O mother called Giovanna, ‘grace of God!’ And these names truly mean what they express.

81

Not like those men who toil for worldly gain, studying Thaddeus and the Ostian, but for the love of the eternal bread,

84

he soon became a mighty theologian, a diligent inspector of the vineyard, where the vine withers if the keeper fails.

87

And from the See which once was so benign to its deserving poor (but now corrupt, not in itself but in its occupant)

90

no right to pay out two or three for six, nor first choice of some fat and vacant post, nor
decimas quae sunt pauperum Dei,

93

did he request, but just the right to fight the sinful world for that true seed whence sprang the four and twenty plants surrounding you.

96

75. The first counsel is the first of the Beatitudes: “Blessed are the poor in spirit” (Matthew 5:3); that is, love of poverty.

79-81. Names were believed to derive from the quality of the things named.

83. This is probably Thaddeus of Alderotto (ca. 1235-1295), a well-known physician and the presumed founder of the school of medicine at the University of Bologna, who wrote commentaries on the works of Galen and Hippocrates. Enrico da Susa, “the Ostian” (from the village of Ostia about twenty miles southwest of Rome), was a theologian who taught canon law in Paris and Bologna and was famous for his commentary on the decretals or papal decrees on ecclesiastical law.

84. The “eternal bread” is true knowledge, or “the bread of angels, ” as opposed to that learned for material gain.

Then, armed with doctrine and a zealous will with apostolic sanction, he burst forth —a mighty torrent gushing from on high;

99

sending its crushing force against the barren thickets of heresy, and where they were toughest, it struck with greatest violence.

102

And from him many other streams branched off to give their waters to the Catholic fields so that its saplings might have greener life.

105

If such was one wheel of the chariot that Holy Church used to defend herself and conquer on the field of civil strife,

108

you cannot fail to see how excellent the other must have been, about whom Thomas, before I came, spoke with such courtesy.

111

But now the track made by the topmost part of that great wheel’s circumference is gone, and there is only mold where once was crust.

114

His family, which once walked straight ahead in his own footprints, now are so turned round they walk along by putting toe to heel.

117

Soon comes the harvest time and we shall see how bad the tillage was: the tares will mourn that access to the storehouse is denied.

120

I will admit that if you search our book page after page you might find one that reads: ’I still am now what I have always been, ’

123

98. Dominic’s order was officially sanctioned in 1216 by Pope Honorius III.

101-102. In Provence the Albigensians had their strongest foothold.

but such cannot be said of those who come from Acquasparta or Casal and read our rule too loosely or too narrowly.

126

I am the living soul of Bonaventure from Bagnoregio; temporal concerns always came last when I was in command.

129

Illuminato and Augustine are here, they were the first of God’s barefooted poor who wore the cord to show they were His friends.

132

Hugh of St. Victor is among them too, with Peter Mangiador, and Peter of Spain who in twelve books illumines men below,

135

125. Matthew of Acquasparta was appointed general of the Franciscan order in the year 1287. As general he introduced relaxations in the Franciscan rule, which unfortunately paved the way for abuses. Casal (a town in northern Italy thirty miles east of Turin) specifically refers in this case to Ubertino of Casal, leader of the Franciscan “Spirituals, ” who opposed the relaxations and preferred a more literal adherence to the rule.

130. Bonaventure begins his introduction of the spirits in the outer circle with these two early followers of St. Francis. Both men joined the saint in 1210. Illuminato, from a noble family of Rieti, went with Francis on his mission to the Orient. He died ca. 1280, late enough to have witnessed the corruption already present in his Order. Augustine, like St. Francis, was from Assisi. He became head of the Franciscan Order in Campania (1216) and was said to have died on the same day and at the same hour as his leader, St. Francis.

133. Hugh of St. Victor, born in Flanders around 1097, was a famous theologian and mystic of the early twelfth century who wrote numerous works characterized by great learning.

134. Peter Mangiador, also known as Petrus Comestor, was born in Troyes, France. His best-known work, the
Historia scbolastica,
is a compilation of the historical books of the Bible accompanied by a commentary. Peter of Spain, born in Lisbon (ca. 1226), became Pope John XXI. His reign lasted only eight months; he was killed when a ceiling collapsed in one of the rooms in his palace at Viterbo. His
Summulae logicales,
a manual of logic, was divided into twelve parts and expanded the traditional logic of the Scholastics.

Nathan the prophet, and the Patriarch Chrysostom, Anselm, and Donatus who devoted all his thought to the first art.

138

Rabanus, too, is here, and at my side shines the Calabrian Abbot Joachim who had received the gift of prophecy.

141

The glowing courtesy of Brother Thomas, his modesty of words, have prompted me to praise this paladin as I have done

144

and moved this fellowship to join with me. ”

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