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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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BOOK: The Portable Dante
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110. The “place most dear” is Florence.

112. The “world of endless bitterness” is Hell.

113. The mountain is that of Purgatory.

Your cry of words will do as does the wind striking the hardest at the highest peaks, and this will be for honor no small grounds;

135

and so you have been shown, here in these spheres, down on the Mount and in the pain-filled valley only those souls whose names are known to fame,

138

because the listener’s mind will never trust or have faith in the kind of illustration based on the unfamiliar and obscure—

141

or demonstration that is not outstanding. ”

CANTO XVIII

W
HILE DANTE AND
Cacciaguida are rapt in thought, Beatrice calls to the Pilgrim to look into her eyes that are filled with Divine Love, the love that releases him from all other desires. Beatrice breaks his rapture by telling him to turn and listen once more to his ancestor, because Paradise is not only in her eyes. Then Cacciaguida introduces Dante to a number of famous soldier-souls who appear in the cross flashing like lightning at the mention of their names. Dante turns to Beatrice and is again lost in her gaze when suddenly he realizes that he has been transported from the rosy glow of the fifth sphere of Mars to the silvery sixth sphere of Jupiter. In this sphere the shining souls group together to form, one at a time, the letters of the first verse of the Book of Wisdom: DILIGITE IUSTITIAM QUI IUDICATIS TERRAM, appearing as gold against silver. Having formed the final letter M, the souls stop. More lights descend singing on the summit of the M and then suddenly
shoot up to form the neck and head of an eagle. The souls of the M now move to fill out the rest of the design of the eagle. Moved by this vision of Justice Dante, in a bitter apostrophe against the Pope, accuses him of having forgotten the example of his predecessors Peter and Paul who died for the Church he is now in the process of ruining.

134. The “highest peaks” refer to the powerful and eminent men such as popes and politicians who will hear his words.

135. Striking at “the highest peaks” takes much courage.

136-142. Only by using well-known persons as examples can the
Comedy
be efficacious; Dante can convince no one by citing unknown examples or proof drawn from obscure facts.

That holy mirror was rejoicing now in his own thoughts, and I was left to taste and temper mine, the bitter with the sweet.

3

Then she who was my guide to God said: “Stop, think other thoughts. Think that I dwell with Him Who lifts the weight of every wrong man suffers. ”

6

Those loving words made me turn round to face my Solace. What love within her holy eyes I saw just then—too much to be retold;

9

not only do I fear my words may fail, but to such heights my mind cannot return unless Another guides it from above.

12

I can recall just this about that moment: as I was gazing at her there, I know my heart was freed of every other longing,

15

for the Eternal Joy was shining straight into my Beatrice’s face, and back came its reflection filling me with joy;

18

then, with a smile whose radiance dazzled me, she said: “Now turn around and listen well, not in my eyes alone is Paradise. ”

21

As here on earth the eyes sometimes reveal their deepest wish, if it is wished with force enough to captivate all of the soul,

24

1. The “holy mirror” is Cicciaguida, whose soul reflects the light of God, as do the souls of all the Blest.

2-3. Dante’s thoughts focus on the predictions, good and bad, which he has heard concerning his future.

8. Cf. Virgil’s role in
Purgatory
III, 22; IX, 43, where he is addressed with the same words,
mio conforto,
as is Beatrice here (“my Solace”).

so, in the flaring of the sacred fire to which I turned, I recognized his wish: I saw that he had something more to say.

27

He spoke: “Upon the fifth tier of the tree whose life comes from its crown and which bears fruit in every season, never shedding leaves,

30

blest spirits dwell whose fame below on earth, before they came to Heaven, was so widespread that any poet would be enriched by them.

33

Now look up and observe the cross’s arms, each soul that I shall name there you will see flash quick as lightning flashes through a cloud. ”

36

I saw, as he pronounced the name of Joshua, a streak of light flashing across the cross— no sooner was it said than it was done.

39

And at the name of the great Maccabees I saw another whirling light flash through— the cord that spun that top was its own joy!

42

Then came the names Roland and Charlemagne, and eagerly I followed these two lights, as hunters watch their falcons on the wing.

45

William of Orange, then, and Renouard and the Duke Godfrey drew my sight with them along the cross; then came Robert Guiscard.

48

40. Maccabees was Judas Maccabaeus, the great warrior who succeeded in resisting the attempts of the kings of Syria to destroy the Jewish religion.

43. Charlemagne (742-814), king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor, and Roland, his nephew and greatest warrior, are presented here for their efforts against the Saracens.

46. William, count of Orange, is the hero of a group of Old French epics, the
Aliscans
being the best known.

47. Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade (1096), became the first Christian king of Jerusalem.

48. In the latter half of the eleventh century, the Norman warrior Robert Guiscard took southern Italy and Sicily from the Saracens. He died in Salerno in 1085.

The light who spoke to me now moved away to mix with other lights and let me hear the artist that he was in Heaven’s choir.

51

I turned to Beatrice at my right to learn from her by word or by a sign what she thought I should do, and I beheld

54

new brilliance in her eyes, such purity, such ecstasy, her countenance was now more beautiful than it had ever been.

57

And as a man feeling from day to day more joy in doing good, becomes aware thereby that virtue grows in him, just so,

60

seeing that miracle grow lovelier, I noticed that my circling with the heavens had taken on a greater arc of space.

63

And such a transformation as is seen upon a fair-skinned lady’s face when shame recedes, and blushes vanish instantly,

66

I saw when I turned round: before my eyes there was the pure white of the temperate star, the sixth, that had received me in its glow;

69

I saw within that Jovial torch the light of all the sparkling love rejoicing there and forming words of speech before my eyes.

72

As birds just risen from the water’s edge, as if in celebration for their food, flock now in circles, now in drawn-out lines,

75

so there, within those lights the blessed beings were circling as they sang, turning themselves first to a
D
, then
I
, then into
L
.

78

49-51. Just as the Cacciaguida episode opened with the notes of the hymn “Arise” and “Conquer”
(Paradise
XIV, 125), so here in line 51 it comes to its close with the old warrior returning to the glowing choir of the cross and to the singing of the same hymn. Dante dedicates 550 lines to his illustrious ancestor, which is the most given to any character (with the exception of Virgil and Beatrice) in the
Comedy.

They first flew, singing, to their music’s rhythm, then having made a letter of themselves, they held their form and stopped their song a while.

81

O sacred Muse of Pegasus who gives glory to men of genius and long life, as they, through you, give it to realms and towns—

84

let your light shine on me that I may show these letter-shapes of souls fixed in my mind; let your power show through these few lines of mine!

87

They showed themselves to me in five times seven vowels and consonants, and I was able to understand the written words they formed.

90

The first words of the message, verb and noun: DILIGITE IUSTITIAM; then came QUI IUDICATIS TERRAM after them.

93

And in the final letter, in the M of the fifth word they stayed aligned—and Jove’s silver became the background of their gold.

96

I saw more lights descend, and they alighted upon the M, and from its peak they sang, I think, about the Good that summons them.

99

Just as one sees innumerable sparks go flying up when smoldering logs are poked (which once encouraged fools to prophesy),

102

so, there I seemed to see more than a thousand lights rising up, mounting to different heights, as chosen by the Sun that kindles them;

105

and once each spark had found its place of rest, I saw the crest and neck of a great eagle now patterned in the fire of those sparks.

108

91-93. The message, “Love justice, you who judge the earth, ” comes from the first verse of the Book of Wisdom of Solomon in the Apocrypha. The souls in Jupiter are those of the just, and justice is the project of this sphere.

(The One who paints there has no one to guide his hand. He guides Himself. It is from Him that skill in birds to build their nests is born.)

111

The other blessèd ones who seemed at first content to lilify themselves into the M with a slight shift completed the design.

114

O lovely star, how many and what jewels shone there declaring that justice on earth comes from that Heaven which you yourself begem.

117

Therefore, I pray the Mind—for there begins your movement and your power—to examine the place whence comes the smoke that dims your rays,

120

so that its wrath descend upon, once more, all those who buy and sell within the temple whose walls were built with miracles and martyrs.

123

O Heaven’s army to whom my mind returns, pray for those souls on earth who are misled by bad example and have gone astray.

126

It used to be that wars were waged with swords, but now one fights withholding here and there the bread our Father’s love denies to none.

129

And you who write only to nullify, remember that Peter and Paul, who died to save the vineyard you despoil, still live.

132

But you will answer: “I, who have my heart so set on him who chose to live alone and for a martyr’s crown was danced away,

135

know nothing of your Fisherman or Paul. ”

120. The avarice of the popes is the smoke that blocks imperial authority and prevents the clear administration of justice on earth.

130-132. Pope John XXII was supposed to have issued and rescinded many orders of excommunication. The cancellation of excommunications was a source of revenue for the papacy.

CANTO XIX

T
HE EAGLE NOW
appears to the Pilgrim with open wings and as if composed of countless sparkling rubies. The lights of the souls who form the beak of the eagle move, and a voice that speaks for all of those composing the sacred emblem informs the Pilgrim that it is exalted in this sphere as the symbol for Divine Justice, and that, although its memory is preserved on earth, its example is not followed. He then asks the eagle to elucidate the meaning of Divine Justice and to help him to resolve a doubt he has had for some time: what justice is there in damning a good soul who, through no fault of his own, has not heard of Christ and has not been baptized? Before he has the chance to express this doubt the eagle goes into a long discourse on the unfathomable nature of God and the inability of His creatures to understand His infinite wisdom. The eagle, showing displeasure, circles above Dante as its souls sing an incomprehensible song which the eagle likens to the mystery of Eternal Judgment which cannot be understood by mortals. Finally, the eagle condemns all those rulers of the times who governed without justice.

And there before my eyes with wings spread wide that splendid image shone, shaped by the souls rejoicing in their interwoven joy.

3

They were set there like splendid rubies lit each of them by a gleaming ray of sun which was reflected straight into my eyes.

6

And what I have to tell you here and now no tongue has told or ink has written down, nor any fantasy imagined it,

9

for I could hear the beak and see it move; I heard its voice use words like
I
and
Mine
when in conception it was
We
and
Ours.

12

11-12. The eagle, representing Justice, is composed of a multitude of souls, but it speaks with one voice and as one being.

“Because of my justice and piety, ” it said, “I have been raised up to this glory, the highest our desires can conceive,

15

and I have left on earth a memory which even wicked men are wont to praise, though they refuse to follow in my course. ”

18

Just as from many burning coals will come one glow of heat, so from that image came a single sound composed of many loves.

21

And I exclaimed: “O everlasting flowers of the eternal bliss who concentrate all of your many fragrances in one,

24

breathe forth your words now, breaking at long last the fasting that has kept me hungering for food that I could never find on earth.

27

I know that though God’s justice is beheld within some other mirror in these spheres, your kingdom apprehends its light unveiled.

30

You know my eagerness to hear you speak, you also know the nature of the question whose answer I have hungered for so long. ”

33

Then as the falcon, now freed from its hood, stretches its neck and starts to beat its wings, and preens itself—to show its eagerness—

36

so moved the ensign made of woven voices in exaltation of God’s grace with song known only to the souls who dwell in bliss.

39

Then it said: “He Who with His compass drew the limits of the world and out of chaos brought order to things hidden and revealed,

42
BOOK: The Portable Dante
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