The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 (55 page)

10
    
Tommy Jieqin Wu,
A Sparrow’s Voice: Living through China’s Turmoil in the 20th Century
, Shawnee Mission, KS: M.I.R. House International, 1999, pp. 91–2.

11
    
Sun and Dan,
Engineering Communist China
, pp. 17–18.

12
    
Chow,
Ten Years of Storm
, pp. 126–7.

13
    
Report from the North China Region, Hebei, 15 April 1952, 888-1-13, pp. 98–9; Report by Luo Ruiqing and Directives from the Centre, 8 and9 Jan. 1952, Guangdong, 204-1-278, pp. 99–105; Report from Bo Yibo, Hebei, 3 Jan. 1952, 888-1-1, pp. 21–4; Report from Bo Yibo, Hebei, 20 Jan. 1952, 888-1-1, p. 32.

14
    
Report from Xi Zhongxun and Instructions from the Centre, 11 and 13 Dec. 1951, Guangdong, 204-1-253, pp. 5–6; Report from Jinan, 27 Dec. and 4 Jan. 1952, Guangdong, 204-1-278, pp. 32–4.

15
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 82; Chow,
Ten Years of Storm
, p. 125; Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 64.

16
    
Report from the North China Region, Hebei, 8 Feb. 1952, 888-2-8, pp. 19–20; Report from the North China Region, Hebei, 29 Feb. and12 Oct. 1952, 888-1-22, pp. 44 and 77.

17
    
Report from the North China Region, Hebei, 20 Feb. 1952, 888-1-24, p. 23; Gansu, 23 March 1952, 91-18-540, p. 33.

18
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 82; Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 64.

19
    
Report by An Ziwen, Hebei, 18 Oct. 1952, 888-1-1, pp. 136–8.

20
    
Report on relationships between Liu Qingshan, Zhang Zishan and the Tianjin Special District, Hebei, 1952, 888-1-92, pp. 134–41; Chow,
Ten Years of Storm
, p. 125.

21
    
Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 3, p. 21; Sheng, ‘Mao Zedong and the Three-Anti Campaign’, p. 32.

22
    
Alec Woo interviewed by Jasper Becker,
C. C. Lee: The Textile Man
, Hong Kong: Textile Alliance, 2011, p. 56; Pepper,
Civil War in China
,pp. 118–25.

23
    
Wong Siu-lun,
Emigrant Entrepreneurs: Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong
, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988; Becker,
C. C. Lee
, pp. 55–63.

24
    
Hugh Seton-Watson noted how there were three stages in East Europe, namely a ‘genuine coalition’ with some other forces, a ‘bogus coalition’ with those not directly controlled by the communist party, and finally a ‘monolithic regime’ as everything outside the party was brought to heel; see Hugh Seton-Watson,
The East European Revolution
, London: Methuen, 1950, pp. 167–71.

25
    
Huang Kecheng,
Huang
Kecheng zishu
(The autobiography of Huang Kecheng), Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1994, p. 217; Mao Zedong, ‘Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’, 5 March 1949,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 4, p. 364.

26
    
For a more upbeat assessment, see Marie-Claire Bergère, ‘Les Capitalistes shanghaïens et la période de transition entre le régime Guomindang et le communisme (1948–1952)’,
Etudes Chinoises
, 8, no. 2 (Autumn 1989), p. 22.

27
    
Rossi,
The Communist Conquest of Shanghai
, p. 65; ‘Merchants and the New Order’,
Time
, 17 March 1952; John Gardner, ‘The Wu-fan Campaign in Shanghai’, in Doak Barnett,
Chinese Communist Policies in Action
, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969, pp. 477–53.

28
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 85–9.

29
    
Report by Luo Ruiqing, 24 Feb. 1952, Sichuan, JX1-812, p. 29;
Changjiang ribao
, 12 March 1952, quoted in Theodore Hsi-en Chen and Wen-hui C. Chen, ‘The “Three-Anti” and “Five-Anti” Movements in Communist China’,
Pacific Affairs
, 26, no. 1 (March 1953), p. 15.

30
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 85–9, 95 and 97; Bo Yibo, Report from Shanghai, Hebei, 12 April 1952, 888-1-10, pp. 27–8; Report on a denunciation meeting, Shanghai, 4 April 1952, B182-1-373, pp. 183–5.

31
    
Chow,
Ten Years of Storm
, p. 125; Report on a denunciation meeting, 15 April 1952, Shanghai, B182-1-373, pp. 232–5; Sichuan, 12 May 1952, JX1-420, p. 30; Guangdong, 1952, 204-1-69, pp. 73–4; Guangdong, 10 Oct. 1952, 204-1-69, pp. 45–7 and 55–9;
Neibu cankao
, 5 Feb. 1952,p. 31.

32
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 98; Chow,
Ten Years of Storm
, p. 133.

33
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 98; Shanghai, 27 March 1952, B182-373, p. 144; on the campaign in Shanghai, one should read Yang,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jianguo shi yanjiu
, pp. 260–307.

34
    
Instructions from the Centre and Report from Tianjin, Hebei, 15 Feb. 1952, 888-1-10, p. 31; Report by Beijing to the Centre, 13 Feb. 1952, Sichuan, JX1-420, p. 6; Shanghai, July 1952, B13-2-287, p. 20.

35
    
Hutheesing,
Window on China
, p. 165.

36
    
Gardner, ‘The Wu-fan Campaign in Shanghai’, p. 524; Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 117; Walker,
China under Communism
, p. 108.

37
    
Instructions from the Centre and Report from Tianjin, Hebei, 15 Feb. 1952, 888-1-10, pp. 31–5; Report by Tan Zhenlin to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 5 May 1952, JX1-812, pp. 180–1; on the collapse of tax income, blamed on the Three-Anti and Five-Anti campaigns, see for instance Report from the North-east Tax Bureau to the Centre, 31 Oct. 1952, Gansu, 91-1-495, pp. 82–91.

38
    
Report on Trade, 10 Jan. 1953, Zhejiang, J125-2-29, pp. 1–3; Report by Tan Zhenlin to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 5 May 1952, JX1-812, pp. 180–1; Report from the South China region, March 1953, Guangdong, 204-1-91, p. 12; Guangdong, 1 March 1953, 204-1-91, pp. 118–20.

39
    
Report by Tan Zhenlin to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 5 May 1952, JX1-812, pp. 180–1; Report by South China to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 19 Feb. 1952, JX1-812, pp. 16–22; Report from Subei to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 19 March 1952, JX1-812, p. 106;
Neibu cankao
, 22 Feb. 1952, pp. 167–8.

40
    
Report by South China to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 19 Feb. 1952, JX1-812, pp. 16–22; Report by Tan Zhenlin to Mao Zedong, Sichuan, 5 May 1952, JX1-812, pp. 180–1; Instructions from the Centre, Sichuan, March 1953, JX1-813, pp. 44–5;
Neibu cankao
, 25 Feb. 1952, pp. 192–3.

9: Thought Reform

1
      
Michael Bristow, ‘Hu Warns Chinese Communist Party’,
BBC News
, 30 June 2011.

2
      
Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 193–4 and 238–40.

3
      
Ibid., p. 242; on Wang Shiwei, see also Huang Changyong,
Wang Shiwei zhuan
(A biography of Wang Shiwei), Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe, 2000; Dai Qing,
Wang Shiwei and ‘Wild Lilies’: Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942–1944
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994.

4
      
Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 240–6; Gao,
Hong taiyang
, pp. 304–5; see also Cheng Yinghong, 
Creating the ‘New Man’: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities
, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.

5
      
Mao Zedong, ‘Cast Away Illusions, Prepare for Struggle’, 14 Aug. 1949,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 4, p. 428.

6
      
Cheng Yuan interviewed by Wang Ying, 7 Nov. 2008, Wang Ying, ‘Gaizao sixiang: Zhengzhi, lishi yu jiyi (1949–1953)’ (Reforming thoughts: Politics, history and memory, 1949–1953), doctoral dissertation, Beijing: People’s University, 2010, pp. 121–2.

7
      
Liu Xiaoyu interviewed by Wang Ying, Beijing, 27 Nov. 2008, Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, pp. 150–5.

8
      
Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, pp. 111–12; Mao Zedong, ‘Letter to Feng Youlan’, 13 Oct. 1949, in Michael Y. M. Kau and John K. Leung (eds),
The Writings of Mao Zedong: 1949–1976
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986, vol. 1, p. 17; Pei Yiran, ‘Zijie peijian: Fanyou qian zhishifenzi de xianluo’ (The ‘disarmament’ of Chinese intellectuals before the anti-rightist campaign),
Ershiyi shiji
, no. 102 (Aug. 2007), p. 35.

9
      
Mao Zedong, ‘Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan’, March 1927,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 1, p. 24.

10
    
Liu Yufen interviewed by Wang Ying, Beijing, 19 Nov. 2008, in Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, pp. 83–7.

11
    
Ibid.

12
    
Reports on land reform from the Democratic League, Hubei, SZ37-1-7, 11 Aug. 1950;
Neibu cankao
, 28 Aug. 1950, pp. 88–9; 21 Dec. 1951, pp. 92–3; an example of opposition to land reform appears in the fictionalised account of S. T. Tung,
Secret Diary from Red China
, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961; Yue Daiyun,
Siyuan, shatan, Weiminghu: 60 nian Beida shengya
(1948–2008)
(Sixty years at Beijing University, 1948–2008), Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2008, quoted in Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, pp. 88–9.

13
    
DeMare, ‘Turning Bodies and Turning Minds’, pp. 289–90; Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, p. 93; Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 2, p. 198.

14
    
DeMare, ‘Turning Bodies and Turning Minds’, pp. 298 and 93.

15
    
Philip Pan,
Out of Mao’s Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China
, Basingstoke: Picador, 2009, pp. 31–2; Lin Zhao, like so many others, later became a victim of the regime. Arrested as a counter-revolutionary in 1960, she was secretly executed eight years later after writing hundreds of pages critical of Mao Zedong in prison, some of them in her own blood.

16
    
On the direct continuation of the Yan’an tradition after 1949, see Gao,
Hong taiyang
, p. 388; I have taken Mao’s pronouncement from Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 78; a more formal translation appears in Cheng,
Creating the ‘New Man’
, p. 70; Wu Ningkun and Li Yikai,
A Single Tear: A Family’s Persecution, Love, and Endurance in Communist China
, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993, p. 7.

17
    
Wu and Li,
A Single Tear
, p. 5; Cheng,
Creating the ‘New Man’
, p. 65.

18
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 78–81.

19
    
Instructions from the Centre and Report from Nanjing, 17 and 18 Feb. 1952, Guangdong, 204-1-253, pp. 28–31; Mao’s endorsement appears in Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 3, p. 232, but without the report; on Chengde, see Report from the Centre, Shandong, 11 July 1953, A1-5-49, p. 19.

20
    
Pei, ‘Zijie peijian’, p. 36.

21
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 78–81.

22
    
Liu Xiaoyu interviewed by Wang Ying, Beijing, 27 Nov. 2008, Wang, ‘Gaizao sixiang’, pp. 152–3.

23
    
Pei, ‘Zijie peijian’, p. 37.

24
    
Instructions from the Ministry of Education, Shandong, 7 Feb. 1952, A29-2-35, pp. 1–4; Report from the Centre, Shandong, 23 June 1953, A1-5-49, p. 8; Report to and from the Centre and the Ministry of Education, 14 May, 9 June, 13 Sept. and 8 Oct. 1953, Shaanxi, 123-1-423, entire folder.