The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (165 page)

¹⁶
SC Res. 1378 of 14 Nov. 2001, on the situation in Afghanistan; see also SC Res. 1592 of 30 Mar. 2005 and SC Res. 1649 of 21 Dec. 2005, both on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

¹⁷
SC Res. 1355 of 15 June 2001 and SC Res. 1304 of 16 June 2000, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

¹⁸
SC Res. 1304 of 16 June 2000, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo; cf. SC Res. 1565 of 1 Oct. 2004, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

¹⁹
SC Res. 1484 of 30 May 2003, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

²⁰
SC Res. 1366 of 30 Aug. 2001, on the role of the Security Council in the prevention of armed conflicts.

²¹
Ibid.

²²
SC Res. 1633 of 21 Oct. 2005, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

²³
SC Res. 1333 of 19 Dec. 2000, on the situation in Afghanistan; see also SC Res 1653 of 27 Jan. 2006, on the situation in the Great Lakes region.

²⁴
SC Res. 1502 of 26 Aug. 2003, on the protection of United Nations personnel, associated personnel and humanitarian personnel in conflict zones; see also SC Res. 1545 of 21 May 2004, on the situation in Burundi.

²⁵
SC Res. 1502 of 26 Aug. 2003, on the protection of United Nations personnel, associated personnel and humanitarian personnel in conflict zones; SC Res. 1545 of 21 May 2004, on the situation in Burundi.

²⁶
SC Res. 1572 of 15 Nov. 2004, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

²⁷
SC Res. 1378 of 14 Nov. 2001, on the situation in Afghanistan.

²⁸
SC Res. 1643 of 15 Dec. 2005, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

²⁹
SC Res. 1574 of 19 Nov. 2004, on the situation in Sudan.

³⁰
SC Res. 1544 of 19 May 2004, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.

³¹
SC Res. 1291 of 24 Feb. 2000, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo; cf. SC Res. 1565 of 1 Oct. 2004, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

³²
SC Res. 1265 of 17 Sep. 1999, on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.

³³
SC Res. 1472 of 28 Mar. 2003, on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait.

³⁴
SC Res. 1495 of 31 July 2003 and SC Res. 1429 of 30 July 2002, on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

³⁵
SC Res. 1429 of 30 July 2002, on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

³⁶
SC Res. 1479 of 13 May 2003 and SC Res. 1643 of 15 Dec. 2005, both on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

³⁷
Compare e.g. SC Res. 1649 of 21 Dec. 2005, on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; SC Res. 1564 of 18 Sep. 2004 and SC Res. 1556 of 30 July 2004, on the Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan; SC Res. 1528 of 27 Feb. 2004, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

³⁸
SC Res. 1468 of 20 Mar. 2003, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On the condemnation of sexual violence, see also SC Res. 1545 of 21 May 2004, on the situation in Burundi.

³⁹
But see also SC Res. 1672 of 25 Apr. 2006, on the situation in Sudan.

⁴⁰
SC Res. 1400 of 28 Mar. 2002, on the situation in Sierra Leone.

⁴¹
SC Res. 1231 of 11 Mar. 1999, on the situation in Sierra Leone.

⁴²
SC Res. 1593 of 31 Mar. 2005, on the situation in Darfur.

⁴³
SC Res. 1672 of 25 Apr. 2006; SC Res. 1591 of 29 Mar. 2005, both on the situation in Sudan; SC Res. 1649 of 21 Dec. 2005, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

⁴⁴
SC Res. 1468 of 20 Mar. 2003, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo; cf. SC Res. 1565 of 1 Oct. 2004, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

⁴⁵
SC Res. 1296 of 19 Apr. 2000, on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.

⁴⁶
SC Res. 1366 of 30 Aug. 2001, on the role of the Security Council in the prevention of armed conflicts.

⁴⁷
SC Res. 1208 of 19 Nov. 1998, on the situation in African refugee camps.

⁴⁸
Ibid.

⁴⁹
SC Res. 1214 of 8 Dec. 1998, on the situation in Afghanistan.

⁵⁰
Ibid. see also SC Res. 1564 of 18 Sep. 2004, on the Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan.

⁵¹
On the applicability of international humanitarian law to UN forces, cf. Christopher Greenwood, ‘International Humanitarian Law and United Nations Military Operations’,
Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
1 (1998), 14–15.

⁵²
SC Res. 1296 of 19 Apr. 2000, on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.

⁵³
Ibid.

⁵⁴
SC Res. 1214 of 8 Dec. 1998, on the situation in Afghanistan.

⁵⁵
SC Res. 1181 of 13 July 1998, on the situation in Sierra Leone.

⁵⁶
SC Res. 866 of 22 Sep. 1993, on Liberia.

⁵⁷
SC Res. 1542 of 30 Apr. 2004, on the question concerning Haiti.

⁵⁸
SC Res. 1606 of 20 June 2005, on the situation in Burundi.

⁵⁹
Greenwood, International Humanitarian Law and United Nations Military Operations’, 32 et seq.

⁶⁰
SC Res. 1267 of 15 Oct. 1999, on the situation in Afghanistan.

⁶¹
SC Res. 1672 of 25 Apr. 2006; SC Res. 1591 of 29 Mar. 2005, both on the situation in Sudan; SC Res. 1649 of 21 Dec. 2005, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

⁶²
SC Res. 1495 of 31 July 2003 and SC Res. 1429 of 30 July 2002, on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

⁶³
SC Res. 1479 of 13 May 2003, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire; similar calls were already made in SC Res. 1464 of 4 Feb. 2003, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.

⁶⁴
SC Res. 1577 of 1 Dec. 2004, on the situation in Burundi; SC Res. 1572 of 15 Nov. 2004, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire; SC Res. 1468 of 20 Mar. 2003, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

⁶⁵
See, for example, SC Res. 1634 of 28 Oct. 2005, on the situation concerning Western Sahara, where the Security Council commended the release of prisoners of war.

⁶⁶
SC Res. 1435 of 24 Sep. 2002; SC Res. 1405 of 19 Apr. 2002 and SC Res. 1397 of 12 Mar. 2002, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On earlier resolutions see Schwebel, ‘The Roles of the Security Council and the International Court of Justice in the Application of International Humanitarian Law’, 751 et seq.

⁶⁷
SC Res. 1566 of 8 Oct. 2004; SC Res. 1269 of 19 Oct. 1999, on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts; SC Res. 1269 of 19 Oct. 1999, on the responsibility of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security; SC Res.1456 of 20 Jan. 2003 regarding High-level meeting of the Security Council on the issue of combating terrorism.

⁶⁸
SC Res. 941 of 23 Sep. 1994, on violations of international humanitarian law in Banja Luka, Bijeljina and other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serb forces; SC Res. 824 of 6 May 1993, on Bosnia and Herzegovina.

⁶⁹
SC Res. 1598 of 28 Apr. 2005, SC Res. 1495 of 31 July 2003; SC Res. 1429 of 30 July 2002 and SC Res. 1359 of 29 June 2001, all on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

⁷⁰
SC Res. 1397 of 12 Mar. 2002, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.

⁷¹
SC Res. 1405 of 19 Apr. 2002, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.

⁷²
SC Res. 1435 of 24 Sep. 2002, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question; cf.
Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004 on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
, ICJ Rep., 2004, paras. 89–101.

⁷³
SC Res. 1269 of 19 Oct. 1999, on the responsibility of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security; SC Res. 1624 of 14 Sep. 2005; SC Res. 1566 of 8 Oct. 2004, both on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts.

⁷⁴
SC Res. 1456 of 20 Jan. 2003, regarding High-level meeting of the Security Council on the issue of combating terrorism; see also SC Res. 1544 of 19 May 2004, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.

⁷⁵
Faiza Patel King and Olivia Swaak-Goldman ‘The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the “War Against Terrorism”’,
Hague Yearbook of International Law
15 (2003), 39–50.

⁷⁶
SC Res. 941 of 23 Sep. 1994, on violations of international humanitarian law in Banja Luka, Bijeljina and other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serb forces.

⁷⁷
SC Res. 1359 of 29 June 2001, on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

⁷⁸
SC Res. 1495 of 31 July 2003; cf. SC Res. 1429 of 30 July 2002, on the situation concerning Western Sahara.

⁷⁹
SC Res. 1239 of 14 May 1999, on Security Council Resolutions 1160 (1998), 1199 (1998), and 1203 (1998).

⁸⁰
SC Res. 1315 of 14 Aug. 2000, on the situation in Sierra Leone; SC Res. 1120 of 14 July 1997, on the situation in Croatia.

⁸¹
SC Res. 1208 of 19 Nov. 1998, on the situation in African refugee camps.

⁸²
SC Res. 864 of 15 Sep. 1993 and SC Res. 851 of 15 July 1993, on Angola.

⁸³
SC Res. 1653 of 27 Jan. 2006, on the situation in the Great Lakes region; but see already SC Res. 1208 of 19 Nov. 1998, on the situation in African refugee camps, where the Council further affirmed a duty of states to protect refugees as it is ‘the primary responsibility of States hosting refugees to ensure the security and civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements in accordance with international refugee, human rights and humanitarian law’.

⁸⁴
SC Res. 1239 of 14 May 1999; see also SC Res. 1653 of 27 Jan. 2006, on the situation in the Great Lakes region.

⁸⁵
SC Res. 1120 of 14 July 1997, on the situation in Croatia.

⁸⁶
SC Res. 1315 of 14 Aug. 2000, on the situation in Sierra Leone.

⁸⁷
SC Res. 1296 of 19 Apr. 2000, on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.

⁸⁸
SC Res. 1208 of 19 Nov. 1998, on the situation in African refugee camps.

⁸⁹
SC Res. 1373 of 28 Sep. 2001, on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts; Paul Szasz, ‘The Security Council Starts Legislating’,
American Journal of International Law
96 (2002), 901–5; Jurij Daniel Aston, ‘Die Bekampfung abstrakter Gefahren fur den Weltfrieden durch legislative Massnahmen des Sicherheitsrats – Resolution 1373 (2001) im Kontext’,
Zeitschrift für auslandisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht
62 (2002), 257–91. Earlier reflections on this trend include Christian Tomuschat, ‘Obligations Arising for States Without or Against Their Will’,
Recueil des Cours
, 1993-IV, 199–374, at 344 et seq.; G. Arangio-Ruiz, ‘On the Security Council’s “Law-Making”’,
Rivista di Diritto Internazionale
83 (2000), 609–725.

⁹⁰
SC Res. 1674 of 28 Apr. 2006, on civilians in armed conflict.

⁹¹
SC Res. 1261 of 30 Aug. 1999, on children and armed conflict.

⁹²
SC Res. 1315 of 14 Aug. 2000, on the situation in Sierra Leone.

⁹³
SC Res. 1373 of 28 Sep. 2001, on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts; SC Res. 1540 of28 Apr. 2004, on non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. See also Szasz, ‘The Security Council Starts Legislating’, 901; Matthew Happold, ‘Security Council Resolution 1373 and the Constitution of the United Nations’,
Leiden Journal of International Law
16 (2003), 593–610; Andreas Zimmermann and Björn Elberling, ‘Grenzen der Legislativbefugnisse des Sicherheitsrats: Resolution 1540 und abstrakte Bedrohungen des Weltfriedens’,
Vereinte Nationen
52 (2004), 71–3; and the contributions by Erika de Wet, Michael Wood, and Georg Nolte in Rudiger Wolfrum and Volker Roben (eds.),
Developments of International Law in Treaty Making
(Berlin: Springer, 2005), 183–243.

⁹⁴
Cf. SC Res. 808 of 22 Feb. 1993; SC Res. 827 of 25 May 1993 and SC Res. 955 of 8 Nov. 1994 respectively.

⁹⁵
Compare the crimes included in the Statute of the ICTY adopted by the Security Council in SC Res. 827 of 25 May 1993 and in the Statute of the ICTR, annexed to SC Res. 955 of 8 Nov. 1994.

⁹⁶
But cf. SC Res. 1405 of 19 Apr. 2002 and SC Res. 1435 of 24 Sep. 2002, on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.

⁹⁷
Cf. ICTY,
Prosecutor
v.
Dusko Tadic
, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94–1-AR72, 2 Oct. 1995, 105 ILR, 419 et seq., at paras. 71–8.

⁹⁸
Cf. SC Res. 1468 of 20 Mar. 2003, on the situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.