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39.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 73.

40.
Ibid., 118.

41.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 10-11.

42.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 28-29.

43.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 57.

44.
Steele,
Warpaths, 51.

45.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 92-93.

46.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 34.

47.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 48.

48.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 50.

49.
Hyde, George E.,
Indians of the Woodlands from Prehistoric Times to 1725
(1962), 269.

50.
Robinson, A
Good Year to Die, 5.

51.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 134.

52.
Ibid., 134.

53.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 49.

54.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 107-8.

55.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 133.

56.
Brandon,
Indians
, 196.

57.
Ibid., 196.

58.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 106.

59.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 94.

60.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 11.

61.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 102.

62.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 231.

63.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 135.

64.
Washburn,
The Indians in America, 94.

65.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 31.

66.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 125.

67.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 99.

68.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 140.

69.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia, 75.

70.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice, 4.

71.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 15.

72.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie, 7.

73.
Ibid., 7.

74.
Ibid., 7.

75.
Ibid., 7.

76.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 74.

77.
Ibid., 74-75. The Choctaw took about 400 Chickasaw scalps when they captured 3 Chickasaw villages.

78.
Ibid., 75.

79.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 135.

80.
Ibid., 136.

81.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 152-53.

82.
Ibid., 153.

83.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 133.

84.
Waldman,
Atlas, 215.

85.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier, 52.

86.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 80.

87.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 163.

88.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 78.

89.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 62.

90.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 163.

91.
Ibid., 163. “Fox warriors were raiding virtually all their neighboring tribes.”

92.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 6.

93.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 320.

94.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia, 242.

95.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 94.

96.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 64.

97.
Ibid., 99.

98.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 111.

99.
Ibid., 100.

100.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 87.

101.
Ibid., 14.

102.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 167.

103.
Ibid., 173.

104.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 49.

105.
Brandon,
Indians
, 353.

106.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 51-52.

107.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 6.

108.
Ibid., 6.

109.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 99.

110.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 105.

111.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 66-67.

112.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 105.

113.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 108.

114.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 6.

115.
Ibid., 6.

116.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 67.

117.
Ibid., 67.

118.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 110.

119.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 98.

120.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 149.

121.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana, 72.

122.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1125.

123.
Ibid., 1125.

124.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 87.

125.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 94.

126.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 176; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 128.

127.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 51-52.

128.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 91.

129.
Brandon,
Indians
, 264.

130.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 67.

131.
Brandon,
Indians
, 264.

132.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 209.

133.
Ibid., 118.

134.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice, 7.

135.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 174.

136.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 260.

137.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 190.

138.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 57.

139.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 51, 53, 66.

140.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor, 66.

141.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 51, 53, 66.

142.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 200.

143.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 188.

144.
Ibid., 172.

145.
Ibid., 189.

146.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 57.

147.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 86.

148.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 132-33.

149.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 287.

150.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 139.

151.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 111-12.

152.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 170.

153.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 91.

154.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice, 7.

155.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 60-61.

156.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 77.

157.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 146.

158.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 78.

159.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 197.

160.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 29.

161.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 111.

162.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 372.

163.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 15.

164.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 326.

165.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 194; Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 135.

166.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 185.

167.
Ibid., 185.

168.
Ibid., 185.

169.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 348.

170.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 179.

171.
Ibid., 179.

172.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 19.

173.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 69.

174.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 11.

175.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 188.

176.
Quoted in Washburn, 171.

177.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 51.

178.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 372.

179.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 6.

180.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 249.

181.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 119.

182.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 140.

183.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 145-46.

184.
Quoted in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 193.

185.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 190.

186.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 299-300.

187.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 24-25.

188.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 25.

189.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 204.

190.
Brandon,
Indians
, 372.

191.
Ibid., 373.

192.
Ibid., 373.

193.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 182.

194.
Ibid., 177.

195.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 205.

196.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 69.

197.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 89.

198.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 199.

199.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 154.

200.
Ibid.

201.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 173.

202.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 154.

203.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 372.

204.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 172.

205.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 78.

206.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 217.

207.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 143.

208.
Ibid., 154.

209.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars, 221.

210.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 184.

211.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 228.

212.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 261.

213.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 196.

214.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 153.

215.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 294-95.

216.
Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 310.

217.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States, 111.

218.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 311.

219.
Ibid., 313.

220.
Ibid., 315.

221.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage, 111.
The name
Pueblo
includes the Hopi, Jemez, Keres, Pecos, Piro, Tiwa, and Zuñi tribes.

222.
Waldman,
Atlas, 121.

223.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 249.

224.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 2, 313-15.

225.
Ibid., 316-17.

226.
Ibid., 311-12.

227.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 32.

228.
Ibid., 59.

229.
Ibid., 59.

230.
Ibid., 77.

231.
Ibid., 98.

232.
Ibid., 113.

233.
Ibid., 144.

234.
Ibid., 146.

235.
Ibid., 156.

236.
Ibid., 180.

237.
Ibid., 185.

238.
Ibid., 240.

239.
Ibid., 240.

240.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 240.

Bibliography

Most but not all of the books cited by the author are listed here.

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Cleveland: Scholarly Press, 1915.

Ambrose, Stephen E.
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West.
New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1996.

American Heritage Book of the Revolution, The.
New York: American Heritage, 1958.

Andrist, Ralph K.
Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians.
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Axelrod, Alan.
Chronicle of the Indian Wars from Colonial Times to Wounded Knee.
New York: Prentice Hall, 1993.

Berkhofer, Robert E., Jr.
The White Man’s Indian.
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Beveridge, Albert J.
Abraham Lincoln.
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Killing the White Man’s Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century.
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Boyd, Thomas Alexander.
Simon Girty: The White Savage.
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Brady, Cyrus Townsend.
Indian Eights and Fighters.
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Brandon, William.
Indians.
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Brinkley, Douglas.
American Heritage History of the United States.
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Brodie, Fawn M.
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History.
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Brogan, Denis William.
The American Character.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944.

Brown, Dee.
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West.
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Carey, Larry Lee. “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives as a Popular Literary Genre, ca. 1675-1875.” Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1978.

Catlin, George.
Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and Conditions of the North American Indians Written During Eight Years’ Travel (1832-1839) Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians of North America.
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Collier, John.
The Indians of the Americas.
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Commager, Henry Steele (ed.).
The West: An Illustrated History.
New York: Exeter Books, 1976.

Coward, John M.
The Newspaper Indian: Native American Identity in the Press, 1820-90.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de.
Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America.
New York: Penguin Books, 1986.

Crosby, Alfred W., Jr.
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, Inc., 1972.

Debo, Angie.
A History of the Indians of the United States.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.

Dippie, Brian W.
The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991.

Drimmer, Frederick.
Captured by the Indians.
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Driver, Harold E.
Indians of North America.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Dulles, Foster Rhea.
The United States Since 1865.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1959.

Ebersole, Gary L.
Captured by Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity.
Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1995.

Erlich, J. W.
Erlich’s Blackstone.
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Esarey, Logan. A
History of Indiana.
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Febrenback, T. R.
Greatness to Spare.
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Foreman, Grant.
Indian Removal.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932.

Gilbert, Bil.
God Gave Us This Country: Tekamthi and the First American Civil War.
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Goodrich, Thomas.
Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains
, 1865-1879. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1997.

Goodwin, Grenville.
Western Apache Raiding and Warfare.
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Grun, Bernard.
The Timetables of History.
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American Indians.
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Hays, Robert G.
A Race at Bay: New York Times Editorials on “The Indian Problem,” 1860-1900.
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Heard, J. Norman.
White into Red: A Study of the Assimilation of White Persons Captured by Indians.
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Hobhouse, Henry.
Seeds of Change.
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Hughes, Robert.
Culture of Complaint: The Fraying of America.
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Hyde, George E.
Indians of the Woodlands from Prehistoric Times to 1725.
Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

Jackson, Helen Hunt.
A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government’s Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes.
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Josephy, Alvin M., Jr.
The Indian Heritage of America.
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——. 500 Nations.
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Kelly, Fanny.
My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians.
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Kraus, Michael.
The United States to 1865.
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Lazarus, Edward.
Black Hills/White Justice.
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Leupp, Francis E.
The Indian and His Problem.
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Speeches and Writing, 1859-1865, Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations.
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Lunt, W. E.
History of England.
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Marshall, S. L. A.
Crimsoned Prairie: The Indian Wars.
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Matthiessen, Peter.
Indian Country.
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——. In the Spirit of Crazy Horse.
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Mooney, James.
The Ghost Dance Religion and Wounded Knee.
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The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement.
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Robinson, Charles M., III.
A Good Year to Die.
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——. Satanta: The Life and Death of a War Chief.
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——. The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers.
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Smith, Page.
A New Age Now Begins: A People’s History of the American Revolution.
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The American Indians.
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Warpaths: Invasions of North America.
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The American Indian Wars.
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American Indian Holocaust and Survival.
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Exterminate Them!
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Utley, Robert M.
The Last Days of the Sioux Nation.
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Indian Wars.
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——. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes.
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——. Who Was Who in Native American History.
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The Indian in America.
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