The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (145 page)

23.
Jesse Donahue and Erik Trump,
Political Animals: Public Art in American Zoos and Aquariums
(Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2007), pp. 20–23.

24.
Trumball White and W. M. Igle-heart,
The World’s Columbian Exposition
(J. W. Ziegler, 1893), p. 514.

25.
Kenneth Frampton,
Modern Architecture: A Critical History
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 62.

26.
Paul Andrew Hutton, “Col. Cody, the Rough-Riders, and the Spanish American War,”
Points West
(1998 Fall Issue), pp. 8–11.

27.
Bobby Bridger,
Buffalo Bill and Sitting Bull: Inventing the Wild West
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), p. 442.

28.
John Patrick Barrett,
Electricity at the Columbian Exposition
(Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, 1894).

29.
T.R. to James Brander Matthews (June 8, 1893).

30.
Theodore Whaley Cart, “The Lacey Act: America’s First Nationwide Wildlife Statute,”
Forest History
, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Oct. 1973), p. 413.

31.
J. Anthony Lukas,
Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 241.

32.
John F. Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation,
3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 106.

33.
Alfred Runte,
Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks
(Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart, 1998), p. 49.

34.
“History of the Boone and Crockett Club Books as Recalled by G. B. Grinnell” (1925), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

35.
T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

36.
Matthew Baigell,
Albert Bierstadt
(New York: Watson-Guptill, 1981), pp. 8–14.

37.
T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (February 7, 1893), Joseph M. Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming, Laramie.

38.
Albert Bierstadt, “A Moose Hunt” (February–April 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. Attached to the original essay is T.R.’s Sagamore Hill calling card.

39.
Eric Nye and Sheri Hoem (eds.), “Big Game on the Editor’s Desk: Roosevelt and Bierstadt’s Tale of the Hunt,”
New England Quarterly
, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 1987).

40.
T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (June 8, 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming. But by not blowing the whistle on Bierstadt, by allowing his fib to stand, T.R. had protected a friend. More than a decade later, when T.R. was in the White House, Grinnell wrote up the moose story in his
American Big Game in Its Haunts
, in a way the president would have approved, claiming that the sixty-four-and-a-half-inch antlers were “in the possession” of the late painter.

41.
Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” p. 169.

42.
G. Edward White,
The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt and Owen Wister
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968).

43.
“Gen. Anderson Dead at University
Club,”
New York Times
(March 8, 1915), P. 9.

44.
T.R., “Coursing the Prongbuck,” in
American Big-Game Hunting
, p. 129.

45.
T.R., “Literature of American Big-Game Hunting” in
American Big-Game Hunting
, p. 325. (Unsigned.)

46.
Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, pp. 150–151.

47.

Dick Baldwin, “Trapshooting with D. Lee Braum and the Remington Pros,” (
Remington
Vandalia, Ohio: Trapshooting Hall of Fame and Museum, 1967).

48.
“Trap Shooting in Saratoga,”
New York Times
(May 10, 1893), p. 3. The
New York Times
used to promote trapshooting in the 1880s as a way to downplay the mass killing of birds. While the sports page would mention all-day shoots with live birds in places like the League Island Gun Club of Philadelphia, it gave more ink to trapshooting events.

49.
George Bird Grinnell, “Editorial,”
Forest and Stream
(July 14, 1881). Also see William B. Mershon,
The Passenger Pigeon
(New York: Outing, 1907), pp. 223–225.

50.
Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, pp. 150–151.

51.
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson,
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 127.

52.
T.R., “Preface,” in
The Wilderness Hunter
, p. xiii.

53.
T.R., “Preface,” in
The Wilderness Hunter
, p. xiv. (The preface was written in June 1893 at Sagamore Hill.)

54.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter,
p. 174.

55.
“Mr. Roosevelt’s Americanism,
New York Times
(August 6, 1893), p. 19.

56.
“New Publications: The Wilderness Hunter,”
Forest and Stream
, Vol. 41, No. 4 (July 29, 1893).

57.
“Dangers of Moose Hunting,”
Youth’s Companion
(November 23, 1893).

58.
T.R. to Hoke Smith (April 7, 1894).

59.
Denis Tilden Lynch,
Grover Cleveland: A Man Four-Square
(New York: Van Rees, 1932), p. 191.

60.
“Hoke Smith’s Appointment,”
New York Times
(February 16, 1893), p. 5.

61.
G. Michael McCarthy, “The Forest Reserve: Colorado under Cleveland and McKinley,”
Journal of Forest History
(April 1976), p. 80.

62.
U.S. Department of the Interior,
Annual Report, 1893
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894), p. 555.

63.
Captain George S. Anderson to Secretary of Interior Hoke Smith (March 17, 1894), Vol. V (Letters Sent) National Archives, pp. 1–9, Yellowstone National Park. Quoted in H. Duane Hampton, “U.S. Army and the National Parks,”
Forest History
(October 1966), p. 14.

64.
“Save the Buffalo,”
Forest and Stream
, Vol. 42, No. 15 (1894). (Editorial.)

65.
“The Lacey Act of 1894,”
U.S., Statutes at Large
, Vol. 28, p. 73.

66.
Mary Annette Gallager, “John F. Lacey: A Study in Organizational Politics,” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, 1970.

67.
Samuel Johnson Crawford,
Kansas in the Sixties
(Chicago, Ill.: A. C. McClurg, 1911), p. 146.

68.
“John F. Lacey: Champion of Birds and Wildlife,” Iowa National History Foundation, Des Moines.

69.
Michael L. Tate,
The Frontier Army in the Settlement of the West
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 233.

70.
George S. Anderson, “Protection of the Yellowstone National Park” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.),
Hunting in Many Lands
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 388.

71.
Alice Wondrak Biel,
Do (Not) Feed the Bears: The Fitful History of Wildlife and Tourists in Yellowstone
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), p. 7.

72.
T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Preface,” in
Hunting in Many Lands
, pp. 11–12. Although the preface had a shared byline it almost certainly was written by T.R.

73.
Runte,
Trains of Discovery
, pp. 1–12.

74.
Muir quoted in Alfred Runte, “Foreword,” in John Muir,
Our National Parks
(San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1991), p. x. (Muir originally published the book in 1901.)

75.
John Burroughs,
The Last Harvest
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), p. 220.

76.
W. Hallett Phillips to George A. Anderson (March 31, 1894), 6, LR, No. 1217-A, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Wyo.

77.
T.R. to George S. Anderson (January 21, 1895), Letter Box 6, Doc. No. 1282, Yellowstone National Park Archives.

78.
Aubrey L. Haines,
The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park
, Vol. 2 (Yellowstone: Yellowstone Library and Museums Association, 1977), pp. 68–69.

79.
T.R., “Wilderness Reserves,”
Forest and Stream
, September 3, 1904, Vol. LXIII, Issue No. 10, p. 1. This is one of the chapters in the Boone and Crockett Club Book
American Big-Game in its Haunts.

80.
Quoted in H. W. Brands’
T.R.: The Last Romantic
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 259.

81.
T.R., “Hunting in the Cattle Country,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.),
Hunting in Many Lands
, p. 297.

82.
T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (September 30, 1894).

83.
T.R.,
The Winning of the West
, Vol. 3 (New York: Putnam, 1905), pp. 44–45.

84.
William T. Hagan,
Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian
, pp. 22–23.

11: T
HE
B
RONX
Z
OO
F
OUNDER

1.
“Madison Grant, 71, Zoologist, Is Dead,”
New York Times
(May 31, 1937), p. 15. In 1993 the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society. Its mission is to “advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife, and educate the public.” As of 2009 it operated the following public attractions in the New York area: the Bronx Zoo, New York Aquarium, Central Park Zoo, Queens Zoo, and Prospect Park Zoo.

2.
Madison Grant,
The Vanishing Moose and Their Extermination in the Adirondacks
(New York: Century, 1894).

3.
“Killing of the Buffalo,”
New York Times
(July 26, 1896), p. 20.

4.
George Bird Grinnell and T.R. (ed.),
Trail and Camp-fire
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), p. 313.

5.
George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.),
American Big-Game Hunting
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 171.

6.
Richard Manning,
Grassland: The History, Biology, Politics, and Promise of the American Prairie
(New York: Viking, 1995); Tom McHugh,
The Time of the Buffalo
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 39; and Christopher Ketcham, “They Shoot Buffalo, Don’t They,”
Harper’s Magazine
(June 2008), p. 74.

7.
T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

8.
“Zoo Plans Are Approved,”
New York Times
(November 23, 1897), p. 12.

9.
Boone and Crockett Club Report, “Past and Present Roles of the Boone and Crockett Club 1887–1992,” Missoula, Mont. (Unpublished.)

10.
“Zoo Plans Are Approved,”
New York Times
(November 23, 1897), p. 12. Also see William T. Hornaday,
Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Society
, 11th ed. (New York: New York Zoological Society, June 1, 1911), p. 136.

11.
Lincoln Lang,
Ranching with Roosevelt
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 360–365.

12.
Lowell E. Baier, “The Boone and Crockett Club: A 106-Year Retrospective,” (Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.), p. 9.

13.
“Black Mesa Reserve,” Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

14.
T.R.,
A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open
(New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 32.

15.
“William Temple Hornaday” (1996), University of Iowa Museum of Natural History Archive, Iowa City.

16.
William T. Hornaday,
Two Years in the Jungle: The Experiences of a Hunter Naturalist
(London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co., 1885), p. 1.

17.
William T. Hornaday,
The Extermination of the American Bison
(Washington, D.C.: National Museum Report, 1889).

18.
“History of the Wildlife Conservation Society,” Wilderness Conservation Fund Archives, New York.

19.
William T. Hornaday,
Our Vanishing Wild Life
(New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 92.

20.
Paul Verner Bradford and Harvey
Blume,
Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo
(New York: Dell, 1992), p. 173.

21.
“History of the Wildlife Conservation Society.”

22.
“Zoo Plans Are Approved: Park Board, after Long Study of the Proposed Zoological Park, Commends It,”
New York Times
(November 23, 1897), p. 12.

23.
T.R. quoted in Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. 73.

24.
T.R. to James Brander Matthews (December 21, 1893).

25.
T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

26.
Casper W. Whitney, “The Cougar,” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.),
Hunting in Many Lands
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 253.