The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (144 page)

39.
John Milton Cooper, Jr., “Introduction,” in T.R.,
The Winning of the West: From the Alleghenies to the Mississippi 1769–1776
, Vol. 1 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. x.

40.
Kathleen Dalton,
A Strenuous Life
(New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 131–132.

41.
Ibid.

42.
T.R.,
The Winning of the West
, Vol. 1, p. 133.

43.
Clara Barrus (ed.),
The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 32

44.
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Winning of the West,”
Dial
(August 1889), p. 73.

45.
William Frederick Poole, “Roosevelt’s The Winning of the West,”
Atlantic Monthly,
Vol. 44 (November 1889), pp. 693–700. Also see Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–496.

46.
“Pushing Their Way,”
New York Times
(July 7, 1889), p. 11.

47.
George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–506.

48.
Cooper, “Introduction” in T.R.,
The Winning of the West
, p. xii.

49.
T.R.,
Biological Analogies in History
(London: Oxford University Press, 1910), p. 6.

50.
James R. Gilmore in
New York Sun
(September 29 and October 10, 1889). (Included in T.R. Scrapbooks at Harvard.) T.R. was accused of plagiarism but he was considered innocent by most fair-minded scholars.

51.
Parkman quoted in W. R. Jacobs (ed.),
Letters of Francis Parkman
, Vol. 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), pp. 209–232.

52.
Francis Parkman, “The Forests of the White Mountains,”
Garden and Forest
, Vol. 1 (February 29, 1888).

53.
Wilbur R. Jacobs, “Francis Parkman: Naturalist-Environmental Savant,”
Pacific Historical Review
, Vol. 61, No. 3 (May, 1992), p. 341.

54.
T.R. to Francis Parkman (July 13, 1889).

55.
Dalton,
A Strenuous Life
, pp. 132—133.

56.
Ibid., p. 134.

57.
T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890).

58.
Arnold Hague, “The Yellowstone Park,” in Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell (eds.),
American Big Game Hunting: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 259.

59.
Michael L. Collins,
That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West 1888–1898
(New York: Peter Lang, 1989), p. 117.

60.
William Frederick Poole to T.R. (November 1889) in George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–497.

61.
William T. Hornaday,
Our Vanishing Wild Life
(New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. x.

62.
United States Statutes at Large, xvii.32, quoted in
Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts: Transactions 1902—1904
(Boston: Published by the Society, 1906), p. 377.

63.
Thomas Wolfe,
Of Time and the River: A Legend of Man’s Hunger in His Youth
(Garden City, N.Y.: Sun Dial, 1944), p. 155.

64.
George Bird Grinnell to Archibald Rogers (December 24, 1890), quoted in Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, p. 157.

65.
T.R., “Hunting in Cattle Country” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.),
Hunting in Many Lands
, pp. 292–293.

66.
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson,
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 144.

67.
T.R.,
The Winning of the West,
pp. xli–xlii.

68.
Diary quoted in Corinne Roosevelt Robinson,
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 149.

69.
Ibid., pp. 146–147.

70.
Sylvia Jukes Morris,
Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady
(New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 130.

71.
Collins,
That Damned Cowboy
, p. 122.

72.
T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890)

73.
Blaine Harden, “In the New West, Do They Want Buffalo to Roam?”
Washington Post
(July 30, 2006), pp. A 8–9.

74.
“The Treasures of Yosemite,”
Century
, Vol. 40, No. 4 (August, 1890); “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park,”
Century
, Vol. 40, No. 5 (September 1890).

75.
Jeremy Johnston, “Preserving the Beasts of Waste and Desolation: Theodore Roosevelt and the Predator Control in Yellowstone,”
Yellowstone Science
(Spring 2002), p. 15.

76.
Christine Macy and Sarah Bonnemaison,
Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape
(New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 51. Also see Donald J. Pisani, “Forest and Conservation in 1865–1890,” in Char Miller (ed.),
American Forests: Nature, Culture, and Politics
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 16–17.

77.
Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, pp. 157–158.

78.
“The Rapid Destruction of Our Forests,”
Scientific Monthly
(December 1887), pp. 225–226.

79.
“The Week in the Club World,”
New York Times
(January 2, 1898), p. 15.

80.
Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation,
pp. 168–170. Also
Compilation of Public Timber Laws and Regulations and Decisions Thereunder
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 21, 1897), p. 131. For further data on the history and development of forest reserves in the northwestern United States see E. H. MacDaniels, “Twenty-Five National Forests of North Pacific Region,”
Oregon Historical Quarterly,
Vol. 42 (September 1941), pp. 247–255.

81.
George Bird Grinnell, “Secretary Noble’s Monument,”
Forest and Stream
(March 9, 1893).

82.
Gifford Pinchot,
Breaking New Ground
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), p. 85. Edward A. Bowers of the General Land Office also deserves credit for his fierce lobbying efforts on behalf of Section 24.

83.
Roger A. Sedjo, “Does the Forest Service Have a Future?”
Regulation
, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2000), pp. 51–55.

84.
Harold K. Steen, “The Beginning of the National Forest System” in Miller (ed.),
American Forests,
pp. 49–50.

85.
Udall quoted in Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation,
p. 153.

86.
John W. Noble to T.R. (April 16, 1891), Yellowstone National Park Archives (Doc. No. 254), Wyoming. Also see Sarah E. Broadbent, “Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone: 1882–1894,” MA thesis, Montana State University, 1997.

87.
Francis G. Newlands, “Irrigation Congress,”
Irrigation Age
, Vol. 1 (October 1891), pp. 195–196.

88.
T.R. and George Bird Grinnell,
Hunting in Many Lands: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 44.

89.
T.R., “The Northwest in the Nation: Biennial Address before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin” (January 24, 1893), T.R. Collection, Harvard University. (Reprint.)

90.
Collins,
That Damned Cowboy
, pp. 131–137.

91.
Frederick Jackson Turner,
The Frontier in American History
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1920), p. 92, 178.
Also Patricia Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” in Harold K. Steen (ed.),
The Origins of the National Forests: A Centennial Symposium
(Durham, N.C.: The Forest History Society, 1992), pp. 10–18.

92.
Walter La Faber,
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860–1898
reissue (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 64.

93.
T.R. to Frederic Remington (December 28, 1897).

94.
T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Our Forest Reservations,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.),
American Big-Game Hunting
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), pp. 326–330.

95.
Ibid., pp. 326–330.

96.
Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” p. 13. Limerick notes that this argument about “white people” being “scared” originated with Professor Richard White.

97.
T.R.,
The Winning of the West
, Vol. 1, p. 139.

98.
Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” pp. 13–18.

99.
T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 30, 1897).

100.
George Cotkin,
Reluctant Modernism
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. 4.

101.
T.R., “Biological Analogies in History,”
Outlook
, June 11, 1910, Vol. 95, Is. 6.

102.
H. Paul Jeffers,
An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
(New York: Morrow, 2000), p. 6.

103.
T.R., letter to the editor of
Forest and Stream
, in “A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park” (pamphlet) quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson,
Remembered Yesterdays
(Kessinger, 1923), p. 309.

104.
H. W. Brands,
The Money Men: Capitalism, Democracy, and the Hundred Years’ War over the American Dollar
(New York: Norton, 2006), pp. 160–161.

105.
Collins,
That Damned Cowboy,
p. 127.

106.
“Two Ocean Pass,” National Park Service, National Natural Landmark (October 1965).

107.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter,
pp. 182–184.

10: T
HE
W
ILDERNESS
H
UNTER IN THE
E
LECTRIC
A
GE

1.
T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

2.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter
(New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 351.

3.
Laura Tangley, “Birding in the Texas Tropics,”
National Wildlife
(February/March 2007), pp. 38–45.

4.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter,
p. 354.

5.
Ibid., pp. 354–359.

6.
T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (May 3, 1892). By 2008 there were still 2 million feral pigs in Texas (half the U.S. total). According to the
Dallas Morning News
they were mangling the state’s pastures, crops, and waterways.

7.
T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 26, 1892).

8.
“The Last of Sitting Bull: The Old Chief Killed While Resisting Arrest,”
New York Times
(December 16, 1890), p. 1.

9.
Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed. in charge),
The American Heritage Book of Indians
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), p. 348.

10.
Dee Alexander Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, Thirtieth Anniversary ed. (New York: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 440–445.

11.
Sherman quoted in Brandon (ed.),
The American Heritage Book of Indians
, p. 366.

12.
T.R. to Charles Collins (January 21, 1891), Indian Rights Association Papers (Microfilm), Reel 6.

13.
William T. Hagan,
The Indian Rights Association: The Herbert Welsh Years
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985).

14.
Laurence M. Hauptman, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Indians of New York State,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
Vol. 119, No. 1 (February 21, 1975), pp. 1–7.

15.
William T. Hagan,
Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 32.

16.
George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.),
American Big-Game Hunting
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 159.

17.
Hugh Chisholm (ed.),
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sci
ence, Literature, and General Information
11th ed., Vol. 6 (New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910), p. 502.

18.
The Historical World’s Columbian Exposition and Chicago Guide
(St. Louis: James H. Mason, 1892), p. 270.

19.
Norman Bolotin and Christine Lang,
The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago’s World Fair of 1893
(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), p. 106.

20.
Marjorie Warvelle Bear,
A Mile Square of Chicago
(Oakbrook, Ill.: TIPRAC, 2007), p. 205. See also Lincoln Ellsworth,
Beyond Horizons
(New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), pp. 3–4.

21.
Letter published in T.R., T
he Wilderness Hunter,
p. 425.

22.
Peter Hassrick,
Wildlife and Western Heroes
(Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 2003), pp. 136–137. Proctor had met Pinchot in New York in the 1880s and they became friends.