The World Was Going Our Way (87 page)
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Authors: Christopher Andrew
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67
. k-9, 82. Brezhnev, unlike any of the other recipients, received two copies. The daily digest appears to have been instituted by Andropov in order to heighten the leadership’s appreciation of the KGB’s achievements abroad. Mitrokhin, who had a low opinion of the quality of the invariably politically correct Soviet intelligence analysis, did not note the contents of any of the daily digests. On the delivery of intelligence reports to the political leadership, see Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 130.
. k-9, 82. Brezhnev, unlike any of the other recipients, received two copies. The daily digest appears to have been instituted by Andropov in order to heighten the leadership’s appreciation of the KGB’s achievements abroad. Mitrokhin, who had a low opinion of the quality of the invariably politically correct Soviet intelligence analysis, did not note the contents of any of the daily digests. On the delivery of intelligence reports to the political leadership, see Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 130.
68
. Nechiporenko, ‘Na rodine atstekov’, pp. 173-4.
. Nechiporenko, ‘Na rodine atstekov’, pp. 173-4.
69
. Some senior KGB officers also aspired to chests full of medals. Vadim Kirpichenko, for example, who became first deputy head of foreign intelligence in 1991, chose for the front cover of his memoirs,
Razvedka: litsa i lichnosti
, published in 1998, a colour photograph of himself in full-dress general’s uniform with the left side of his chest entirely covered in decorations; as of 1998 there was still space for a few more medals on the right.
. Some senior KGB officers also aspired to chests full of medals. Vadim Kirpichenko, for example, who became first deputy head of foreign intelligence in 1991, chose for the front cover of his memoirs,
Razvedka: litsa i lichnosti
, published in 1998, a colour photograph of himself in full-dress general’s uniform with the left side of his chest entirely covered in decorations; as of 1998 there was still space for a few more medals on the right.
70
. k-3, 300.
. k-3, 300.
71
. For the lyrics of ‘Happy Birthday, Leonid Brezhnev’, see
http://baez.woz.org/Lyrics/brezhnev.html
.
. For the lyrics of ‘Happy Birthday, Leonid Brezhnev’, see
http://baez.woz.org/Lyrics/brezhnev.html
.
72
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 120-22.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 120-22.
73
. Ibid., pp. 124-6.
. Ibid., pp. 124-6.
74
. See below, p. 479.
. See below, p. 479.
75
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 129-31.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 129-31.
76
. Interview with Vadim Kirpichenko,
Vremia Novostei
, 20 Dec. 2004.
. Interview with Vadim Kirpichenko,
Vremia Novostei
, 20 Dec. 2004.
77
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, p.555.
Izvestia
, 24 Sept. 1991.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, p.555.
Izvestia
, 24 Sept. 1991.
78
. See below, pp. 81, 83, 155.
. See below, pp. 81, 83, 155.
79
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 585.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 585.
80
. Kissinger,
Diplomacy
, p. 698.
. Kissinger,
Diplomacy
, p. 698.
81
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
, pp. 318-19, 333.
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
, pp. 318-19, 333.
82
. Westad, ‘Moscow and the Angolan Crisis, 1974-1976’, p. 21.
. Westad, ‘Moscow and the Angolan Crisis, 1974-1976’, p. 21.
83
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, p. 116.
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, p. 116.
Latin America: Introduction
1
. Reagan,
An American Life
, pp. 239, 474.
. Reagan,
An American Life
, pp. 239, 474.
2
. Carr,
Foundations of a Planned Economy
, vol. 3, p. 958.
. Carr,
Foundations of a Planned Economy
, vol. 3, p. 958.
3
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 86-8.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 86-8.
4
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 6.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 6.
5
. A few Latin American Communist parties had received subsidies in the Comintern era. The first Cold War subsidy secretly delivered by the KGB was to the Chilean Party in 1955. A similar payment was made to the Uruguayan Party in the following year. In 1957 the Chilean, Mexican and Argentinian parties received subsidies. The number of recipients increased substantially during the next two decades. Ulianova and Fediakova, ‘Algunos aspectos de la ayuda financiera del Partido Comunista de la URSS al comunismo chileno durante la guerra fría’.
. A few Latin American Communist parties had received subsidies in the Comintern era. The first Cold War subsidy secretly delivered by the KGB was to the Chilean Party in 1955. A similar payment was made to the Uruguayan Party in the following year. In 1957 the Chilean, Mexican and Argentinian parties received subsidies. The number of recipients increased substantially during the next two decades. Ulianova and Fediakova, ‘Algunos aspectos de la ayuda financiera del Partido Comunista de la URSS al comunismo chileno durante la guerra fría’.
6
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 60.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 60.
7
. Hollander,
Political Pilgrims
, pp. 224-5, 231-2, 237.
. Hollander,
Political Pilgrims
, pp. 224-5, 231-2, 237.
8
. Talbott (ed.),
Khrushchev Speaks
, pp. 490-91. Khrushchev identifies the KGB resident, Alekseyev, only by his cover profession as a journalist.
. Talbott (ed.),
Khrushchev Speaks
, pp. 490-91. Khrushchev identifies the KGB resident, Alekseyev, only by his cover profession as a journalist.
9
. Leonov, ‘La inteligencia soviética en América Latina durante la guerra fría’.
. Leonov, ‘La inteligencia soviética en América Latina durante la guerra fría’.
10
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 112.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 112.
11
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, chs. 6-9. Ferguson,
Colossus
, p. 103.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, chs. 6-9. Ferguson,
Colossus
, p. 103.
12
. Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, pp. 264-5.
. Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, pp. 264-5.
13
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 487-93.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 487-93.
14
. Seventeen per cent found the United States the ‘most unappealing’ country, 14 per cent Chile and 10 per cent the Soviet Union. The most admired country was Cuba (20.5 per cent), followed by France, then with a socialist government (12 per cent). Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, ch. 9.
. Seventeen per cent found the United States the ‘most unappealing’ country, 14 per cent Chile and 10 per cent the Soviet Union. The most admired country was Cuba (20.5 per cent), followed by France, then with a socialist government (12 per cent). Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, ch. 9.
15
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 631.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 631.
16
. Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, p. 363.
. Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, p. 363.
‘The Bridgehead’, 1959-1969
1
. The full versions of Latin American names follow the Spanish system of given name, then patronym, followed by mother’s surname. Shorter versions give only the patronym.
. The full versions of Latin American names follow the Spanish system of given name, then patronym, followed by mother’s surname. Shorter versions give only the patronym.
2
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, p. 684; Leonov, Fediakova and Fermandois, ‘El general Nikolai Leonov en el CEP’.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, p. 684; Leonov, Fediakova and Fermandois, ‘El general Nikolai Leonov en el CEP’.
3
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469; Deas, ‘Spectacle of the Rats and Owls’.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469; Deas, ‘Spectacle of the Rats and Owls’.
4
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 12-13.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 12-13.
5
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 29.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 29.
6
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469.
7
. Courtois et al.,
Le livre noir du communisme
, pp. 711-12.
. Courtois et al.,
Le livre noir du communisme
, pp. 711-12.
8
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469; Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 37. Leonov claims that he did not become a KGB officer until 1958. It is difficult to believe, however, that he had no earlier association with the KGB.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 469; Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 37. Leonov claims that he did not become a KGB officer until 1958. It is difficult to believe, however, that he had no earlier association with the KGB.
9
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 25.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 25.
10
. Balfour,
Castro
, ch. 4; Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, pp. 20-21, 248-9.
. Balfour,
Castro
, ch. 4; Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, pp. 20-21, 248-9.
11
. Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
The Role of the Soviet Union, Cuba and East Germany in Fomenting Terrorism in Southern Africa
, pp. 340-41. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 23-4.
. Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
The Role of the Soviet Union, Cuba and East Germany in Fomenting Terrorism in Southern Africa
, pp. 340-41. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 23-4.
12
. Alekseyev’s original surname had been Shitov but he was generally known within the KGB by the codename (or ‘workname’) ALEKSEYEV, which he had adopted during the Great Patriotic War. Szulc,
Fidel
, pp. 408-9. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 25-9; Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, pp. 20-21.
. Alekseyev’s original surname had been Shitov but he was generally known within the KGB by the codename (or ‘workname’) ALEKSEYEV, which he had adopted during the Great Patriotic War. Szulc,
Fidel
, pp. 408-9. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 25-9; Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, pp. 20-21.
13
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 47-55.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 47-55.
14
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 44-7.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 44-7.
15
. Sejna,
We Will Bury You
, pp. 45-50. General Sejna was in charge of the arrangements for Raúl Castro’s visit. He misremembers the date as 1959 rather than 1960.
. Sejna,
We Will Bury You
, pp. 45-50. General Sejna was in charge of the arrangements for Raúl Castro’s visit. He misremembers the date as 1959 rather than 1960.
16
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 57-9.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 57-9.
17
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 46, 62-3; Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp. 71-2; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 471.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 46, 62-3; Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp. 71-2; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 471.
18
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 60. On the structure of the FCD, see Appendix D.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, p. 60. On the structure of the FCD, see Appendix D.
19
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 51-5; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 180 - 1, 607 - 8(n. 31).
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 51-5; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 180 - 1, 607 - 8(n. 31).
20
. Geyer,
Guerrilla Prince
, p. 222.
. Geyer,
Guerrilla Prince
, p. 222.
21
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 146-7, 188-9.
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 146-7, 188-9.
22
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 65-6.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 65-6.
23
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 257-67; Thomas,
Cuba
, ch. 106.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 257-67; Thomas,
Cuba
, ch. 106.
24
. Shelepin to Khrushchev, Memorandum no. 1861-Sh, 29 July 1961. Decree no. 191/75-GS; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Cf. Zubok, ‘Spy vs. Spy’, pp. 28-30; Zubok and Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War
, pp. 253-5.
. Shelepin to Khrushchev, Memorandum no. 1861-Sh, 29 July 1961. Decree no. 191/75-GS; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Cf. Zubok, ‘Spy vs. Spy’, pp. 28-30; Zubok and Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War
, pp. 253-5.
25
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Fonseca was co-founder of the FSLN, initially called the National Liberation Front. ‘Sandinista’ was added, chiefly at Fonseca’s insistence, in 1962 in honour of the interwar anti-imperialist hero, General Augusto César Sandino.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Fonseca was co-founder of the FSLN, initially called the National Liberation Front. ‘Sandinista’ was added, chiefly at Fonseca’s insistence, in 1962 in honour of the interwar anti-imperialist hero, General Augusto César Sandino.
26
. Quoted in Valenta and Durán (eds.),
Conflict in Nicaragua
, pp. 7, 72-3. Hodges,
Intellectual Origins of the Nicaraguan Revolution
, pp. 161-7.
. Quoted in Valenta and Durán (eds.),
Conflict in Nicaragua
, pp. 7, 72-3. Hodges,
Intellectual Origins of the Nicaraguan Revolution
, pp. 161-7.
27
. ‘Inside Perspective on the Legacy of Che Guevara: Piñeiro’s Last Interview’; Manuel Piñeiro Losada became head of the DGI on its creation in 1961.
http://pw1.netcom.com/~hhenke/news4.htm
.
. ‘Inside Perspective on the Legacy of Che Guevara: Piñeiro’s Last Interview’; Manuel Piñeiro Losada became head of the DGI on its creation in 1961.
http://pw1.netcom.com/~hhenke/news4.htm
.
28
. Zimmermann,
Sandinista
, pp. 183, 193.
. Zimmermann,
Sandinista
, pp. 183, 193.
29
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. In 1945 Torres (PIMEN) had been exiled from Nicaragua to Guatemala, where he occupied a succession of posts in the Ministry of Education until the overthrow in 1954 of the left-wing regime of President Jacobo Arbenz Gúzman in a coup organized by the CIA.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. In 1945 Torres (PIMEN) had been exiled from Nicaragua to Guatemala, where he occupied a succession of posts in the Ministry of Education until the overthrow in 1954 of the left-wing regime of President Jacobo Arbenz Gúzman in a coup organized by the CIA.
30
. Zimmermann,
Sandinista
, pp. 55, 87, 94.
. Zimmermann,
Sandinista
, pp. 55, 87, 94.
31
. Mitrokhin’s notes do not identify LOT.
. Mitrokhin’s notes do not identify LOT.
32
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
33
. Ibid.; t-7, 320.
. Ibid.; t-7, 320.
34
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
35
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
36
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
37
. Interview with Piñeiro,
Tricontinental
[Cuba], Dec. 1997. On the organization of the DGI, see FAS Intelligence Resource Program:
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/cuba/dgi/
.
. Interview with Piñeiro,
Tricontinental
[Cuba], Dec. 1997. On the organization of the DGI, see FAS Intelligence Resource Program:
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/cuba/dgi/
.
38
. k-11, p.170. In the mid-1950s Grinchenkohad to be withdrawn successively from the United States and France after breaches of security (Andrew andMitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, p. 170). Thereafter he seems to have been used as an illegal trainer.
. k-11, p.170. In the mid-1950s Grinchenkohad to be withdrawn successively from the United States and France after breaches of security (Andrew andMitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, p. 170). Thereafter he seems to have been used as an illegal trainer.
39
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 172-89; Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp.72-3; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 237-41; Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 182- 4.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, pp. 172-89; Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp.72-3; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 237-41; Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 182- 4.
40
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 292; Castañeda,
Compañero
, p. 229.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 292; Castañeda,
Compañero
, p. 229.
41
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 456-70.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 456-70.
42
. Speech by Castro in Red Square, 28 April 1963. The text of this and other of his speeches cited in this chapter is available on the Castro database
http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro.html
.
. Speech by Castro in Red Square, 28 April 1963. The text of this and other of his speeches cited in this chapter is available on the Castro database
http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro.html
.
43
. Fursenko (ed.),
Prezidium TsK KPSS. 1954-1964
, p. 724.
. Fursenko (ed.),
Prezidium TsK KPSS. 1954-1964
, p. 724.
44
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 511.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 511.
45
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 236-41. On Che’s ineffective attempts to spread revolution in Africa, see below, pp. 433-4.
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 236-41. On Che’s ineffective attempts to spread revolution in Africa, see below, pp. 433-4.
46
. Borge, ‘La formación del FSLN’, p. 31; Black,
Triumph of the People
, pp. 47, 77-8.
. Borge, ‘La formación del FSLN’, p. 31; Black,
Triumph of the People
, pp. 47, 77-8.
47
. Mitrokhin’s notes identify PIMEN as ‘one of the leaders of the ISKRA Group’, but his exact relationship with it is unclear; t-7, 320.
. Mitrokhin’s notes identify PIMEN as ‘one of the leaders of the ISKRA Group’, but his exact relationship with it is unclear; t-7, 320.
48
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
49
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 353.
. Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p. 353.
50
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 94.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 94.
51
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 331-4.
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, pp. 331-4.
52
. Mitrokhin’s notes contain statistics on the passports and identity documents used by 327 of the Cuban illegals deployed through Czechoslovakia between 1962 and 1966. Of these, 140 were Venezuelan, 70 Dominican, 60 Argentinian, 50 Colombian, 5 Peruvian, one American and one British (k-20, 61). During a visit to Moscow in 1972, the deputy head of the Cuban Illegals Directorate told the KGB, ‘In the past, the Cuban illegal operations had primarily engaged in helping the nationalist freedom movement in the Latin American countries . . .’ (k-20, 62).
. Mitrokhin’s notes contain statistics on the passports and identity documents used by 327 of the Cuban illegals deployed through Czechoslovakia between 1962 and 1966. Of these, 140 were Venezuelan, 70 Dominican, 60 Argentinian, 50 Colombian, 5 Peruvian, one American and one British (k-20, 61). During a visit to Moscow in 1972, the deputy head of the Cuban Illegals Directorate told the KGB, ‘In the past, the Cuban illegal operations had primarily engaged in helping the nationalist freedom movement in the Latin American countries . . .’ (k-20, 62).
53
. k-11, 130.
. k-11, 130.
54
. Semichastnyi,
Bespokoinoe serdtse
, pp. 285-93.
. Semichastnyi,
Bespokoinoe serdtse
, pp. 285-93.
55
. Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, p. 116.
. Domínguez,
To Make a World Safe for Revolution
, p. 116.
56
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
57
. Black,
Triumph of the People
, pp. 80-81.
. Black,
Triumph of the People
, pp. 80-81.
58
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; t-7, 318, 320.
59
. Pezzullo and Pezzullo,
At the Fall of Somoza
, pp. 111-15.
. Pezzullo and Pezzullo,
At the Fall of Somoza
, pp. 111-15.
60
. Horne,
Small Earthquake in Chile
, pp. 251-2.
. Horne,
Small Earthquake in Chile
, pp. 251-2.
61
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, ch. 10.
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, ch. 10.
62
. Gerassi (ed.),
The Speeches and Writings of Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara
, p. 268.
. Gerassi (ed.),
The Speeches and Writings of Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara
, p. 268.
63
. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, p. 46; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 512-13.
. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, p. 46; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 512-13.
64
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, chs. 10, 11; Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, chs. 19, 20; Ryan,
The Fall of Che Guevara
.
. Castañeda,
Compañero
, chs. 10, 11; Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, chs. 19, 20; Ryan,
The Fall of Che Guevara
.
65
. Balfour,
Castro
, p. 90. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 590-91.
. Balfour,
Castro
, p. 90. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 590-91.
66
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 363- 4.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 363- 4.
67
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, chs. 15, 16.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, chs. 15, 16.
68
. Speech by Castro, 26 August 1968.
. Speech by Castro, 26 August 1968.
69
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, ch. 20.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, ch. 20.
70
. Lockwood,
Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel
, p. 260.
. Lockwood,
Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel
, p. 260.
71
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 601-3, 649.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 601-3, 649.
72
. Hollander,
Political Pilgrims
, pp. 260-61.
. Hollander,
Political Pilgrims
, pp. 260-61.
73
. Levinson and Brightman (eds.),
Venceremos Brigade
; quotation from p. 31.
. Levinson and Brightman (eds.),
Venceremos Brigade
; quotation from p. 31.
74
. Ibid., p. 249.
. Ibid., p. 249.
75
. k-20, 62.
. k-20, 62.
76
. Amuchastegui, ‘Cuban Intelligence and the October Crisis’, p. 110.
. Amuchastegui, ‘Cuban Intelligence and the October Crisis’, p. 110.
77
. [US] Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, testimony of Orlando Castro Hidalgo, 16 Oct. 1969, pp. 1423-9; Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
The Role of Cuba in International Terrorism and Subversion
, pp. 11, 24.
. [US] Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, testimony of Orlando Castro Hidalgo, 16 Oct. 1969, pp. 1423-9; Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
The Role of Cuba in International Terrorism and Subversion
, pp. 11, 24.
78
. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 57-8; FAS Intelligence Resource Program:
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/cuba/dgi/
.
. Ashby,
Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 57-8; FAS Intelligence Resource Program:
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/cuba/dgi/
.
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