The World Was Going Our Way (90 page)
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Authors: Christopher Andrew
Tags: #Biographies & Memoirs, #True Accounts, #Espionage, #History, #Europe, #Ireland, #Military, #Intelligence & Espionage, #Modern (16th-21st Centuries), #20th Century, #Russia, #World
92
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 199-200.
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 199-200.
93
. In his memoirs, published in 1982, Carter continued to insist that the charges against Torrijos were false; Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 167.
. In his memoirs, published in 1982, Carter continued to insist that the charges against Torrijos were false; Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 167.
94
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
95
. Hearing of US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, 10 Feb. 1988. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 185, 288-9.
. Hearing of US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, 10 Feb. 1988. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 185, 288-9.
96
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 173.
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 173.
97
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
98
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 179.
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, p. 179.
99
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
100
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, p. 235.
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, p. 235.
101
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
102
. Kempe,
Divorcing the Dictator
, p. 73.
. Kempe,
Divorcing the Dictator
, p. 73.
103
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. For details of Torrijos’s cigars, see Greene,
Getting to Know the General
, p. 30.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. For details of Torrijos’s cigars, see Greene,
Getting to Know the General
, p. 30.
104
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
105
. Ibid. Torrijos’s moves towards parliamentary democracy in the final years of his dictatorship were largely cosmetic; Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, ch. 8.
. Ibid. Torrijos’s moves towards parliamentary democracy in the final years of his dictatorship were largely cosmetic; Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, ch. 8.
106
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
107
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 140-47.
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 140-47.
108
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
109
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 233-5, 248-9.
. Koster and Sánchez Borbón,
In the Time of the Tyrants
, pp. 233-5, 248-9.
110
. Ibid., pp. 236-9.
. Ibid., pp. 236-9.
111
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Mitrokhin’s notes wrongly give the date of Torrijos’s death as 2 Aug. 1981 (possibly the date of the KGB report on it). The claim, doubtless encouraged by KGB active measures, that the CIA had killed Torrijos was also widely believed in Panama; Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, p. 363.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. Mitrokhin’s notes wrongly give the date of Torrijos’s death as 2 Aug. 1981 (possibly the date of the KGB report on it). The claim, doubtless encouraged by KGB active measures, that the CIA had killed Torrijos was also widely believed in Panama; Hollander,
Anti-Americanism
, p. 363.
Revolution in Central America
1
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 794-5.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 794-5.
2
. k-22, 153. Later in 1979, del Valle was replaced as Interior Minister by the tough Ramiro Valdés (himself a former Interior Minister), probably because Castro believed him better capable of coping with public discontent. Both del Valle and Valdés were purged in 1985. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 794-5, 825.
. k-22, 153. Later in 1979, del Valle was replaced as Interior Minister by the tough Ramiro Valdés (himself a former Interior Minister), probably because Castro believed him better capable of coping with public discontent. Both del Valle and Valdés were purged in 1985. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 794-5, 825.
3
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 123-4.
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 123-4.
4
. Crozier (ed.),
The Grenada Documents
, pp. 39-40; Romerstein, ‘Some Insights Derived from the Grenada Documents’.
. Crozier (ed.),
The Grenada Documents
, pp. 39-40; Romerstein, ‘Some Insights Derived from the Grenada Documents’.
5
. k-18, 323.
. k-18, 323.
6
. Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 11.
. Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 11.
7
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 13. The basis of the FSLN reunification was the creation of a National Directorate of nine
comandantes
representing the three main factions: Humberto Ortega Saavedra, Daniel Ortega Saavedra and Victor Tirado López of the Insurrectional Tendency (Terceristas); Jaime Wheelock, Carlos Núñez, Luis Carrión of the Proletarian Tendency; Tomás Borge, Henry Ruiz and Bayardo Arce of the Prolonged Popular War Tendency.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 13. The basis of the FSLN reunification was the creation of a National Directorate of nine
comandantes
representing the three main factions: Humberto Ortega Saavedra, Daniel Ortega Saavedra and Victor Tirado López of the Insurrectional Tendency (Terceristas); Jaime Wheelock, Carlos Núñez, Luis Carrión of the Proletarian Tendency; Tomás Borge, Henry Ruiz and Bayardo Arce of the Prolonged Popular War Tendency.
8
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 99; Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 126-7; Brown,
The Real Contra War
, p. 80. The KGB residency in San José reported that 280 Costa Rican Communists joined the victorious Sandinista offensive; k-26, 379, 395.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 99; Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 126-7; Brown,
The Real Contra War
, p. 80. The KGB residency in San José reported that 280 Costa Rican Communists joined the victorious Sandinista offensive; k-26, 379, 395.
9
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, p. 795.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, p. 795.
10
. Speech by Castro, 26 July 1979.
. Speech by Castro, 26 July 1979.
11
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 127-8.
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 127-8.
12
. vol. 6, ch. 12, part 4.
. vol. 6, ch. 12, part 4.
13
. Opening speech by Castro at Havana conference of Non-Aligned Movement, 3 Sept. 1979.
. Opening speech by Castro at Havana conference of Non-Aligned Movement, 3 Sept. 1979.
14
. Leonov, ‘La inteligencia soviética en América Latina durante la guerra fría’.
. Leonov, ‘La inteligencia soviética en América Latina durante la guerra fría’.
15
. See above, pp. 37-8, 45.
. See above, pp. 37-8, 45.
16
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 227-9.
. Leonov,
Likholet’e
, pp. 227-9.
17
. The other leading Sandinistas with whom Leonov had talks were Victor Tirado López, Sergio Ramírez, Bayardo Arce, Alfonso Robelo and Miguel D’Escoto; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. The other leading Sandinistas with whom Leonov had talks were Victor Tirado López, Sergio Ramírez, Bayardo Arce, Alfonso Robelo and Miguel D’Escoto; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
18
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
19
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, pp. 4-5, 14-15, 73. The ‘Seventy-Two-Hour Document’ was drawn up by the nine
comandantes
of the FSLN National Directorate.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, pp. 4-5, 14-15, 73. The ‘Seventy-Two-Hour Document’ was drawn up by the nine
comandantes
of the FSLN National Directorate.
20
. k-26, 397.
. k-26, 397.
21
. k-26, 396.
. k-26, 396.
22
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 192.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 192.
23
. Geyer,
Guerrilla Prince
, p. 355. Speech by Castro in Managua, 19 July 1980.
. Geyer,
Guerrilla Prince
, p. 355. Speech by Castro in Managua, 19 July 1980.
24
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, pp. 116-17.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, pp. 116-17.
25
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 192.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 192.
26
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. In 1970, inspired by the example of the Vietnam War, Carpio had left the PCS and founded the breakaway Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL), with the intention of beginning a popular war of liberation based on the Vietnamese model.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5. In 1970, inspired by the example of the Vietnam War, Carpio had left the PCS and founded the breakaway Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL), with the intention of beginning a popular war of liberation based on the Vietnamese model.
27
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
28
. Bracamonte and Spencer,
Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran FMLN Guerrillas
, p. 4.
. Bracamonte and Spencer,
Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran FMLN Guerrillas
, p. 4.
29
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
30
. Ibid. Handal’s travel notes on his arms-collection mission were captured and published by the State Department in 1981 (Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 31-2, 95-7). Though Salvadoran revolutionaries and their supporters, backed by KGB active measures, claimed that the notes were forged, the corroboration provided by the KGB file on the mission noted by Mitrokhin shows that they were genuine.
. Ibid. Handal’s travel notes on his arms-collection mission were captured and published by the State Department in 1981 (Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 31-2, 95-7). Though Salvadoran revolutionaries and their supporters, backed by KGB active measures, claimed that the notes were forged, the corroboration provided by the KGB file on the mission noted by Mitrokhin shows that they were genuine.
31
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
32
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 32-3.
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 32-3.
33
. k-20, 92.
. k-20, 92.
34
. Haig,
Caveat
, ch. 6.
. Haig,
Caveat
, ch. 6.
35
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, pp. 192-3.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, pp. 192-3.
36
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 117.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 117.
37
. k-20, 113.
. k-20, 113.
38
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 117.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, p. 117.
39
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 811-12.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 811-12.
40
. k-20, 113.
. k-20, 113.
41
. k-20, 99.
. k-20, 99.
42
. k-20, 113.
. k-20, 113.
43
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp.528-32. In December 1982 the Polish Deputy Prime Minister, Mieczysław Rakowski, visited Cuba and briefed Castro personally on the situation in Poland since the declaration of martial law a year earlier. ‘The PUWP [Communist Party]’, he acknowledged, ‘could not fulfil its role; the army therefore occupied a dominant position in the country’. k-19, 323.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp.528-32. In December 1982 the Polish Deputy Prime Minister, Mieczysław Rakowski, visited Cuba and briefed Castro personally on the situation in Poland since the declaration of martial law a year earlier. ‘The PUWP [Communist Party]’, he acknowledged, ‘could not fulfil its role; the army therefore occupied a dominant position in the country’. k-19, 323.
44
. k-20, 118.
. k-20, 118.
45
. k-20, 113.
. k-20, 113.
46
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
47
.
The Challenge to Democracy in Central America
; Ashby,
The Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 130-31.
.
The Challenge to Democracy in Central America
; Ashby,
The Bear in the Backyard
, pp. 130-31.
48
. Crozier (ed.),
The Grenada Documents
, p. 64.
. Crozier (ed.),
The Grenada Documents
, p. 64.
49
. Bracamonte and Spencer,
Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran FMLN Guerrillas
.
. Bracamonte and Spencer,
Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran FMLN Guerrillas
.
50
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5.
51
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 23-37. On KGB contact with the CPUSA leadership, see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 288- 93.
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 23-37. On KGB contact with the CPUSA leadership, see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 288- 93.
52
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 38-9.
. Waller,
The Third Current of Revolution
, pp. 38-9.
53
. The public relations disaster was compounded by Washington’s ignorance of the internal peasant-based resistance movement against the Sandinistas, the Milicias Populares Anti-Sandinistas (People’s Anti-Sandinista Militia) or MILPAS, which had begun in Nicaragua’s remote central highlands as soon as the Sandinistas took power in July 1979. The CIA made contact instead, on Reagan’s orders, with far less numerous groups of exiled former members of Somoza’s Guardia Nacional. Even when the exiles allied with MILPAS in the Fuerza Democratica Nicaragüense (FDN), the dominant world-wide media image of the Contras was of former Guardia Nacional thugs of the Somoza dictatorship. Brown,
The Real Contra War
.
. The public relations disaster was compounded by Washington’s ignorance of the internal peasant-based resistance movement against the Sandinistas, the Milicias Populares Anti-Sandinistas (People’s Anti-Sandinista Militia) or MILPAS, which had begun in Nicaragua’s remote central highlands as soon as the Sandinistas took power in July 1979. The CIA made contact instead, on Reagan’s orders, with far less numerous groups of exiled former members of Somoza’s Guardia Nacional. Even when the exiles allied with MILPAS in the Fuerza Democratica Nicaragüense (FDN), the dominant world-wide media image of the Contras was of former Guardia Nacional thugs of the Somoza dictatorship. Brown,
The Real Contra War
.
54
. Reagan,
An American Life
, p. 471.
. Reagan,
An American Life
, p. 471.
55
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 466-7, 470-71; Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph
, pp. 288-9.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 466-7, 470-71; Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph
, pp. 288-9.
56
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 199; Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 170.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, p. 199; Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 170.
57
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp.213-14, 457; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 584-99; Andrew and Gordievsky,
Instructions from the Centre
, ch. 4.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp.213-14, 457; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 584-99; Andrew and Gordievsky,
Instructions from the Centre
, ch. 4.
58
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, p. 475.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, p. 475.
59
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 214- 15; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 599-603; Andrew and Gordievsky,
Instructions from the Centre
, pp. 85-90. Remarkably, though its priority was downgraded, operation RYAN continued until November 1991, when it was cancelled by Yevgeni Primakov, first head of the SVR, who described it as ‘a typical anachronism’; Primakov,
Russian Crossroads
, p. 97.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 214- 15; Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 599-603; Andrew and Gordievsky,
Instructions from the Centre
, pp. 85-90. Remarkably, though its priority was downgraded, operation RYAN continued until November 1991, when it was cancelled by Yevgeni Primakov, first head of the SVR, who described it as ‘a typical anachronism’; Primakov,
Russian Crossroads
, p. 97.
60
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, ch. 9; Glenn Garvin, ‘We shipped weapons, Sandinistas say’,
Miami Herald
, 18 July 1999. There is some evidence that the leading hard-liner in the Politburo, Marshal Ustinov, who died in December 1984, remained in favour of supplying the MiG-21s.
. Miranda and Ratliff,
The Civil War in Nicaragua
, ch. 9; Glenn Garvin, ‘We shipped weapons, Sandinistas say’,
Miami Herald
, 18 July 1999. There is some evidence that the leading hard-liner in the Politburo, Marshal Ustinov, who died in December 1984, remained in favour of supplying the MiG-21s.
61
. Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 170.
. Gilbert,
Sandinistas
, p. 170.
62
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 478-80. The text of Gates’s memo of 14 Dec. 1984 was published in the
New York Times
, 20 Sept. 1991, p. A14.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 478-80. The text of Gates’s memo of 14 Dec. 1984 was published in the
New York Times
, 20 Sept. 1991, p. A14.
63
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 480-93, 497.
. Andrew,
For the President’s Eyes Only
, pp. 480-93, 497.
64
. Volkogonov,
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
, p. 495.
. Volkogonov,
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
, p. 495.
65
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, pp. 215-16.
. Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959-1987
, pp. 215-16.
66
. Glenn Garvin, ‘We shipped weapons, Sandinistas say’,
Miami Herald
, 18 July 1999.
. Glenn Garvin, ‘We shipped weapons, Sandinistas say’,
Miami Herald
, 18 July 1999.
67
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 642.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 642.
68
. Interview with Major Aspillaga on Radio Martí, 7 August 1987.
. Interview with Major Aspillaga on Radio Martí, 7 August 1987.
69
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 824-36; Balfour,
Castro
, pp. 162-8.
. Quirk,
Fidel Castro
, pp. 824-36; Balfour,
Castro
, pp. 162-8.
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