A Disability History of the United States (28 page)

1.
Linda K. Kerber, “Women and Individualism in American History,”
Massachusetts Review
30, no. 4 (Winter 1989): 600.

2.
Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964).

1.
Tom Porter,
And Grandma Said . . . Iroquois Teachings as Passed Down through the Oral Tradition
(Philadelphia: Xlibris: 2008), 416; Oneida Dictionary, at “Oneida Language Tools,” University of Wisconsin–Green Bay, accessed May 2011,
http://www.uwgb.edu/oneida
.

2.
Carol Locust, “Wounding the Spirit: Discrimination and Tradition in American Indian Belief Systems,”
Harvard Educational Review
58, no. 3 (1988): 326. See also: Carol Locust,
American Indian Concepts of Health and Unwellness
(Tucson, AZ: Native American Research and Training Center, 1986); Robert M. Schacht, “Engaging Anthropology in Disability Studies: American Indian Issues,”
Disability Studies Quarterly
21, no. 3 (Summer 2001): 17–36.

3.
Jennie R. Joe and D. L. Miller,
American Indian Perspectives on Disability
(Tucson, AZ: Native American Research and Training Center, 1987); Lavonna Lovern, “Native American Worldview and the Discourse on Disability,”
Essays in Philosophy
9, no. 1 (January 2008), available at
http://commons.pacificu.edu/eip
.

4.
Joe and Miller,
American Indian Perspectives on Disability
; Jeanne L. Connors and Anne M. Donnellan, “Citizenship and Culture: The Role of Disabled People in Navajo Society,”
Disability, Handicap, and Society
8, no. 3 (1993): 265–80.

5.
Locust, “Wounding the Spirit.”

6.
Joe and Miller,
American Indian Perspectives on Disability
; Connors and Donnellan, “Citizenship and Culture.”

7.
Carol Locust,
Hopi Indian Concepts of Unwellness and Handicaps
(Tucson, AZ: Native American Research and Training Center, 1987), 13.

8.
Carol Locust,
Apache Indian Concepts of Unwellness and Handicaps
(Tucson, AZ: Native American Research and Training Center, 1987), 17, 24.

9.
Ibid., 17.

10.
Donna Grandbois, “Stigma of Mental Illness among American Indian and Alaska Native Nations: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives,”
Issues in Mental Health Nursing
26, no. 10 (2005): 1005–6.

11.
Jeffrey E. Davis,
Hand Talk: Sign Language among American Indian Nations
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 3.

12.
Jeffrey E. Davis, “A Historical Linguistic Account of Sign Language among North American Indians,” in
Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Great Plains to Australia,
ed. Ceil Lucas (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2002): 3–35; Davis,
Hand Talk,
19.

13.
Locust,
Apache Indian Concepts
, 39.

14.
Locust,
Hopi Indian Concepts
, 15.

15.
Porter,
And Grandma Said
, 350.

1.
Cornelius J. Jaenen, “Amerindian Views of French Culture in the Seventeenth Century,” in
American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal: 1500–1850
, ed. Peter Mancall and James H. Merrell (New York: Routledge, 2000), 77.

2.
John D. Bonvillian, Vicky L. Ingram, Brendan M. McCleary, “Observations on the Use of Manual Signs and Gestures in the Communicative Interactions between Native Americans and Spanish Explorers of North America: The Accounts of Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca,”
Sign Language Studies
9, no. 2 (Winter 2009): 146, 149, 153; Jeffrey E. Davis, “A Historical Linguistic Account of Sign Language among North American Indians,” in
Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Great Plains to Australia
, ed. Ceil Lucas (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2002), 6. See also: Susan Wurtzburg and Lyle Campbell, “North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence of Its Existence before European Contact,”
International Journal of American Linguistics
61, no. 2 (April 1995): 153–67.

3.
This dismissive attitude toward indigenous signed languages suggests that significant additional research needs to be done on pre-1700s signed language in Europe. It also raises the question of whether such languages existed in Asia and/or Africa.

4.
Alfred W. Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,”
William and Mary Quarterly
33 (1976): 289–99; David S. Jones, “Virgin Soils Revisited,”
William and Mary Quarterly
60 (2003): 703–42. See also: Gerald Grob,
The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).

5.
Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics,” 290; Daniel K. Richter,
Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 121.

6.
Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics,” 296.

7.
Cristobal Silva, “Miraculous Plagues,”
Early American Literature
43, no. 2 (June 2008): 251–52.

8.
William Cronon,
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 85; Jones, “Virgin Soils Revisited,” 736.

9.
Jones, “Virgin Soils Revisited,” 737.

10.
Richter,
Facing East from Indian Country,
61; James M. Merrell, “The Indians’ New World: The Catawba Experience,” in
American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal: 1500–1850
, ed. Peter Mancall and James H. Merrell (New York: Routledge, 2000), 30. See also: Paul Kelton, “Avoiding the Smallpox Spirits: Colonial Epidemics and Southeastern Indian Survival,”
Ethnohistory
51, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 45–71; Nile Robert Thompson and C. Dale Sloat, “The Use of Oral Literature to Provide Community Health Education on the Southern Northwest Coast,”
American Indian Culture and Research Journal
28, no. 3 (2004): 20.

11.
Jaenen, “Amerindian Views of French Culture,” 77.

12.
Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, ed.,
Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England
(Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1998); “The Massachusetts Body of Liberties” (1641), available via Hanover Historical Texts Project, Hanover College,
http://history.hanover.edu
; Parnel Wickham, “Conceptions of Idiocy in Colonial Massachusetts,”
Journal of Social History
35, no. 4 (2003): 939.

13.
Wickham, “Conceptions of Idiocy,” 940.

14.
Parnel Wickham, “Idiocy and the Law in Colonial New England,”
Mental Retardation
39, no. 2 (2001): 107.

15.
Wickham, “Idiocy and the Law,” 104–13; Parnel Wickham, “Images of Idiocy in Puritan New England,”
Mental Retardation
39, no. 2 (2001): 147–51.

16.
Wickham, “Images of Idiocy,” 149.

17.
Seth Malios,
Archaeological Excavations at 44JC568, The Reverend Richard Buck Site
(Richmond: Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 1999), 12.

18.
Parnel Wickham, “Idiocy in Virginia, 1616–1860,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
80, no. 4 (2006): 683; Malios,
Archaeological Excavations.
See also: Irene W. D. Hecht and Frederick Hecht, “Mara and Benomi Buck: Familial Mental Retardation in Colonial Jamestown,”
Journal of the History of Medicine
(April 1973): 171–76; Richard Neugebauer, “Exploitation of the Insane in the New World: Benoni Buck, the First Reported Case of Mental Retardation in the American Colonies,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
44, no. 5 (1987): 481–83.

19.
Roger Thompson,
Sex in Middlesex: Popular Mores in a Massachusetts County, 1649–1699
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986), 137–38.

20.
Ibid., 138.

21.
Lawrence B. Goodheart, “The Distinction between Witchcraft and Madness in Colonial Connecticut,”
History of Psychiatry
13 (2002): 436.

22.
Gerald Grob,
The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America’s Mentally Ill
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 7, 15; Albert Deutsch, “Public Provision for the Mentally Ill in Colonial America,”
Social Science Review
10, no. 4 (December 1936): 614.

23.
Grob,
The Mad Among Us
, 16.

24.
Deutsch, “Public Provision,” 611–13; Grob,
The Mad Among Us
, 17.

25.
Mary Ann Jimenez,
Changing Faces of Madness: Early American Attitudes and Treatment of the Insane
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987), 13; Carol Gay, “The Fettered Tongue: A Study of the Speech Defect Of Cotton Mather,”
American Literature
46, no. 4 (1975): 451–64.

26.
Robert J. Steinfeld, “Subjectship, Citizenship, and the Long History of Immigration Regulation,”
Law and History Review
19, no. 3 (2001): 645–53.

27.
Sara Evans,
Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America
(New York: Free Press, 1997), 32.

28.
Valerie Pearl and Morris Pearl, “Governor John Winthrop on the Birth of the Antinomians’ ‘Monster’: The Earliest Reports to Reach England and the Making of a Myth,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
, 3d ser., 102 (1990): 37.

29.
Anne G. Myles, “From Monster to Martyr: Re-Presenting Mary Dyer,”
Early American Literature
36, no. 1 (2001): 4.

1.
Mary Ann Jimenez,
Changing Faces of Madness: Early American Attitudes and Treatment of the Insane
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987), 32.

2.
Philip M. Ferguson, “The Legacy of the Almshouse,” in
Mental Retardation in America
, ed. Steven Noll and James W. Trent (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 46; Ruth Wallis Herndon,
Unwelcome Americans: Living on the Margin in Early New England
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 8.

3.
Adams Papers, Diary of John Adams, January 16, 1770, Massachusetts Historical Society; Nancy Rubin Stewart,
The Muse of the Revolution: The Secret Pen of Mercy Otis Warren and the Founding of a Nation
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2008), 41; John R. Waters Jr.,
The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts
(Chapel Hill: Institute for Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 178.

4.
Stewart,
The Muse of the Revolution,
42–44; William Tudor,
The Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts
(Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1823), 475–85; Waters,
The Otis Family,
178–81.

5.
James Otis (Sr.) to James Otis Jr., August 1, 1772 (Barnstable), Otis-Gay Family Papers Collection, Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

6.
Wickham, “Idiocy in Virginia,” 688; Mark Couvillon, “Patrick Henry’s Virginia: Three Homes of an American Patriot,”
Virginia Cavalcade
50, no. 4 (2001): 158–67. Different resources give different dates for Sarah Shelton Henry’s death: either 1775 or 1776.

7.
Wickham, “Idiocy in Virginia,” 687.

8.
Philip D. Morgan, “‘Who died an expence to this town’: Poor Relief in Eighteenth-Century Rhode Island,” in
Down and Out in Early America,
ed. Billy G. Smith (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 139.

9.
Karin Wulf, “Gender and the Political Economy of Poor Relief in Colonial Philadelphia,” in
Down and Out in Early America,
ed. Billy G. Smith (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003), 163–212.

10.
Jimenez,
Changing Faces of Madness,
37.

11.
Ibid., 41.

12.
Albert Deutsch,
The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times,
2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 52.

13.
Deutsch,
The Mentally Ill
, 52; Wickham, “Idiocy in Virginia,” 688–89.

14.
Deutsch,
The Mentally Ill
, 52, 59–61.

15.
John Wesley,
Primitive Physic: An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases
(Bristol, England: William Pine, 1773), 77.

16.
Alfred W. Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,”
William and Mary Quarterly
33 (1976), 290; Nile Robert Thompson and C. Dale Sloat, “The Use of Oral Literature to Provide Community Health Education on the Southern Northwest Coast,”
American Indian Culture and Research Journal
28, no. 3 (2004): 20.