A Disability History of the United States (30 page)

43.
Steen, “The Home for the Insane,” 418.

44.
Mary L. Day,
Incidents in the Life of a Blind Girl
(Baltimore, MD: James Young, 1859), 163, 175. Day also wrote a second and later volume of autobiography:
The World as I Have Found It
(Baltimore, MD: James Watts, 1878). For an analysis, see: Mary Klages,
Woeful Afflictions: Disability and Sentimentality in Victorian America
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 146–63.

45.
Christopher L. Tomlins, “A Mysterious Power: Industrial Accidents and the Legal Construction of Employment Relations in Massachusetts, 1800–1850,”
Law and History Review
6, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 375–438.

46.
Robert J. Steinfeld, “Subjectship, Citizenship, and the Long History of Immigration Regulation,”
Law and History Review
19, no. 3 (2001); William J. Bromwell,
History of Immigration to the United States: Exhibiting the Number, Sex, Age, Occupation, and Country of Birth of Passengers Arriving from Foreign Countries by Sea from 1819 to 1855
(New York: August J. Kelley, 1855), 199, 201.

47.
Kay Schriner and Lisa A. Ochs, “Creating the Disabled Citizen: How Massachusetts Disenfranchised People under Guardianship,”
Ohio State Law Journal
62 (2001): 481–533.

48.
Ibid.

49.
George L. Marshal Jr., “The Newburgh Conspiracy: How General Washington and His Spectacles Saved the Republic,”
Early American Review
(Fall 1997), available at
http://www.earlyamerica.com
.

1.
Thomas A. Perrine, “A Sinister Manuscript,” undated, William Oland Bourne Papers, Box 2, Folder 4, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

2.
Thomas A. Perrine was promoted to sergeant April 2, 1863; lost his arm at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; discharged on surgical certificate August 7, 1863; and died July 21, 1890. Per the website of the 140th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Reenactors,
http://www.140pvi.us
. Louisa May Alcott,
Hospital Sketches
, ed. Alice Fahs (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 73.

3.
Fred Pelka, ed.,
The Civil War Letters of Colonel Charles F. Johnson: Invalid Corps
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), 224.

4.
Undated letter of Albert T. Shurtleff, William Oland Bourne Papers, Box 5, Folder 6, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; John Bryson, June 11, 1867, William Oland Bourne Papers, Box 5, Folder 2, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.; B. D. Palmer, undated letter, William Oland Bourne Papers, Box 5, Folder 2, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Laurann Figg and Jane Farrell-Beck, “Amputation in the Civil War: Physical and Social Dimensions,”
Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences
48, no. 4 (1993): 474; Jeffrey W. McClurke,
Take Care of the Living: Reconstructing Confederate Veteran Families in Virginia
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009), 104, 109.

5.
Robert A. Pinn, undated letter, William Oland Bourne Papers, Box 2, Folder 2, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; William B. Neff,
Bench and Bar of Northern Ohio
(Cleveland, OH: Historical Publishing, 1921), 131.

6.
Pelka,
The Civil War Letters,
27, 28.

7.
Ibid., 14.

8.
Donald R. Shaffer, “‘I do not suppose that Uncle Sam looks at the skin’: African Americans and the Civil War Pension System, 1865–1934,”
Civil War History
46, no. 2 (June 2000): 132–47.

9.
Peter Blanck and Chen Song, “‘Never Forget What They Did Here’: Civil War Pensions for Gettysburg Union Army Veterans and Disability in Nineteenth-Century America,”
William and Mary Law Review
44 (February 2003): 907–1520. See also: Peter Blanck, “‘The Right to Live in the World’: Disability Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow,”
Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
(Spring 2008): 367–401; Larry M. Logue and Peter Blanck,
Race, Ethnicity, and Disability: Veterans and Benefits in Post–Civil War America
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

10.
McClurke,
Take Care of the Living,
124, 138.

11.
Ibid., 119, 130, 138; Pelka,
The Civil War Letters,
2.

12.
Larry M. Logue and Peter Blanck, “The Civil War,” in
Encyclopedia of American Disability History,
ed. Susan Burch, vol. 1 (New York: Facts on File, 2009), 181–83; Jennifer Davis McDaid, “‘How a One-Legged Rebel Lives’: Confederate Veterans and Artificial Limbs in Virginia,” in
Artificial Parts, Practical Lives: Modern Histories of Prosthetics,
ed. Katherine Ott, David Serlin, and Stephen Mihm (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 136; Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns, and Ken Burns,
The Civil War: An Illustrated History
(New York: Knopf, 1990), 206; Figg and Farrell-Beck, “Amputation in the Civil War,” 463; McClurke,
Take Care of the Living,
chap. 6.

13.
McDaid, “‘How a One-Legged Rebel Lives,’” 136; Figg and Farrell-Beck, “Amputation in the Civil War,” 460; Pelka,
The Civil War Letters,
23.

14.
Figg and Farrell-Beck, “Amputation in the Civil War,” 471–72, 474.

15.
Susan M. Schweik,
The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public
(New York: New York University Press, 2009), 291, 293. See also: Adrienne Phelps Coco, “Diseased, Maimed, and Mutilated: Categorizations of Disability and an Ugly Law in Late Nineteenth-Century Chicago,”
Journal of Social History
44, no. 1 (Fall 2010): 23–37.

16.
Lauri Umansky, “Lavinia Warren,” in
Encyclopedia of American Disability History,
ed. Susan Burch, vol. 3 (New York: Facts on File, 2009), 950–52. For more on freak shows, see: Robert Bogdan,
Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Rosemarie Garland Thomson, ed.,
Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body
(New York: New York University Press, 1998).

17.
John Paterson is a pseudonym. John S. Hughes, “Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness in Alabama, 1861–1910,”
Journal of Southern History
58, no. 3 (August 1993): 435–60.

18.
J. F. Miller, “The Effects of Emancipation upon the Mental and Physical Health of the Negro of the South”
North Carolina Medical Journal
38 (1896): 285–94.

19.
Vanessa Jackson, “Separate and Unequal: The Legacy of Racially Segregated Psychiatric Hospitals,” cited with author’s permission; Hughes, “Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness,” 441.

20.
Hughes, “Labeling and Treating Black Mental Illness,” 445–54, 456.

21.
Jim Downs, “The Continuation of Slavery: The Experience of Disabled Slaves during Emancipation,”
Disability Studies Quarterly
28, no. 3 (2008).

22.
Edward H. Clarke,
Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls
(Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1873), 103.

23.
Katherine Jankowski, “’Til All Barriers Crumble and Fall: Agatha Tiegel’s Presentation Day Speech in April 1893,” in
Deaf World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook,
ed. Lois Bragg (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 286, 289. For more on Tiegel see: O. Robinson, “Agatha Tiegel Hanson,” in
Encyclopedia of American Disability History,
ed. Susan Burch, vol. 2 (New York: Facts on File, 2009): 423–24.

24.
Ibid.

25.
Lindsey Patterson, “Residential Schools,” in
Encyclopedia of American Disability History,
ed. Susan Burch, vol. 3 (New York: Facts on File, 2009): 778–80.

26.
Douglas Baynton,
Forbidden Signs: American Culture and the Campaign against Sign Language
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 26, 28–29.

27.
Baynton,
Forbidden Signs
, 77. For more on Hanson, see: John Vickrey Van Cleve and Barry A. Crouch,
A Place of Their Own: Creating the Deaf Community in America
(Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1989), 132–35; Robert Buchanan,
Illusions of Equality: Deaf Americans in School and Factory, 1850–1950
(Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2002), 37–51.

28.
Agatha Tiegel Hanson, “Inner Music,” in
American Annals of the Deaf,
vol. 48, ed. Edward Allen Fay (Washington, DC: 1903), 207.

29.
John Lee Clark, ed.,
Deaf American Poetry: An Anthology
(Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2009), 86–88.

1.
Calvin Coolidge, “1923 State of the Union Address,” in State of the Union Address (1790–2001) by United States Presidents, available from Project Gutenberg,
www.gutenberg.org
.

2.
Harry Laughlin,
Eugenical Sterilization in the United States
(Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922).

3.
Jennifer Terry,
An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 82.

4.
Laughlin,
Eugenical Sterilization,
451–52. Laughlin built on the work of Charles Davenport,
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
(New York: Henry Holt, 1911). See also: Harry Bruinius,
Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America’s Quest for Racial Purity
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 2006) and Paul A. Lombardo,
Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).

5.
Jay Dolmage, “Disabled upon Arrival: The Rhetorical Construction of Disability and Race at Ellis Island,”
Cultural Critique
77 (Winter 2011): 45; Douglas Baynton, “Defectives in the Land: Disability and American Immigration Policy, 1882–1924,”
Journal of American Ethnic History
24, no. 3 (2005): 33, 35; Douglas C. Baynton, “‘The Undesirability of Admitting Deaf Mutes’: US Immigration Policy and Deaf Immigrants, 1882–1924,”
Sign Language Studies
6, no. 4 (Summer 2006): 393.

6.
Dolmage, “Disabled upon Arrival”; Alan M. Kraut,
Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace”
(New York: Basic Books, 1994), chap. 3; Victor Safford,
Immigration Problems: Personal Experiences of an Official
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), 245.

7.
Margot Canaday,
The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 32; Terry,
An American Obsession,
96.

8.
Howard Markel and Alexandra Minna Stern, “Which Face? Whose Nation?: Immigration, Public Health, and the Construction of Disease at America’s Ports and Borders, 1891–1928,”
American Behavioral Scientist
42 (1999): 1322; Dolmage, “Disabled upon Arrival,” 40; Natalia Molina, “Medicalizing the Mexican: Immigration, Race, and Disability in the Early-Twentieth-Century United States,”
Radical History Review
94 (Winter 2006): 24; Emily Abel, “From Exclusion to Expulsion: Mexicans and Tuberculosis Control in Los Angeles, 1914–1940,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
77 (2003): 823–49.

9.
Allan McLaughlin, “How Immigrants Are Inspected,”
Popular Science Monthly
66 (February 1905): 357–61. For more on trachoma, see: Howard Markel, “‘The Eyes Have It’: Trachoma, the Perception of Disease, the United States Public Health Service, and the American Jewish Immigration Experience, 1897–1924,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
74, no. 3 (2000): 525–60.

10.
Ronald R. Kline,
Steinmetz: Engineer and Socialist
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).

11. McAlister Coleman,
Pioneers of Freedom
(New York: Vanguard Press, 1929), 265; John Winthrop Hammond,
Charles Proteus Steinmetz: A Biography
(New York: Century and Company, 1924), 8–9.

12.
Baynton, “Defectives in the Land,” 35; Canaday,
The Straight State
, chap. 1.

13.
Baynton, “Defectives in the Land,” 36–39; Canaday,
The Straight State,
34–35.

14.
Baynton, “Defectives in the Land,” 36–39; Baynton, “The Undesirability of Admitting Deaf Mutes,” 391–392; Sarah Abrevaya Stein, “Deaf American Jewish Culture in Historical Perspective,”
American Jewish History
95, no. 3 (September 2009): 277–305.

15.
Baynton, “Defectives in the Land,” 34–35. Emphasis in original.

16.
Canaday,
The Straight State,
34, 36.

17. Calvin Coolidge, “1923 State of the Union Address.”

18. Laughlin,
Eugenical Sterilization,
164; The State, Alice Smith, Prosecutor vs. The Board of Examiners of Feeble-Minded (Including Idiots, Imbeciles and Morons) Epileptics, Criminals and Other Defectives, Defendants (1913), University of Wisconsin–Madison, General Library System.

19.
Laughlin,
Eugenical Sterilization,
293, 300; 1900 Census.

20.
Laughlin,
Eugenical Sterilization,
293, 294, 296, 300; Molly Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenic Sterilization in Minnesota,”
Minnesota History
(Summer 2005): 243. The linkage between young women’s sexual activities and feeble-mindedness was a common one. See, for example, Steven Noll, “Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded: Florida Farm Colony, 1920–1945,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
69, no. 1 (July 1990): 57–80; Molly Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenic Sterilization in Minnesota”; Michael A. Rembis,
Defining Deviance: Sex, Science, and Delinquent Girls, 1890–1960
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2011).