A Disability History of the United States (34 page)

Morton, Samuel George, 57

Mount Vernon Hospital for the Colored Insane, 92

National Association for Retarded Children.
See
Arc

National Association for Retarded Citizens.
See
Arc

National Association of the Deaf (NAD), 97, 134, 136

National Deaf-Mute College.
See
Gallaudet College

National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week, 150, 152–53

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.
See
March of Dimes

National Foundation for the Blind, 166

National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 134

National Institutes of Health, 168

National Labor Relations Board, 177

Native Americans.
See
First Nations

Navajo, 4

Nebraska, 98

Nebraska School for the Deaf, 98

Neurological disabilities, xv, 83

New Jersey, 76, 110–11, 116, 138, 142

New Jersey Parents Group for Retarded Children, 142

New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, 110–111, 113, 117

New Mexico, 40, 65

New York, 81, 82, 89, 106, 132, 135; and activism, 141, 145, 163, 166, 167, 170, 175; and institutions, 37, 118–19, 134, 145; and polio, 138; and poor law, 25, 26, 32

Niven, Larry, 155

Nixon, Richard, 166–67

North Carolina, 16, 71, 91–92, 137, 140

North Carolina State School for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 137

North Dakota, 173

Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), 124

Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, 152

Ohio, 76, 81–82, 127, 131, 133, 148, 157, 167, 170–71

Oklahoma, 40, 72–73, 92, 124, 165

Oneidas, 1

Onondagas, 1

Oralism, 96–98

Oregon, 76, 89

Otis, James, Jr., 33–34, 36, 38, 49

Pain, 4, 9, 62, 127

Palmetto State Hospital, 92

Palsy, 24, 58–59

Parent advocates, 142–45, 164

Patuxet, 21

Payne, Robert, 157–60

Peacemaker, 1–2, 10

Pennsylvania, 25, 37–38, 79, 95, 125, 138

Pensions, 53–55, 66, 76, 83, 85–87, 111, 151

Perkins School for the Blind, 68

Perrine, Thomas A., 79–80, 84, 94

Phipps, Mary, 23–25

Physical disabilities, 19, 146–49, 156, 180; and First Nations, 3, 9–10; and immigration, 103–4; and industrial accidents, 39–40, 74, 124–25, 160–62; and institutions, 51, 115; and mobility, 93; and slavery, 46; and veterans, 76, 81–87, 128

Physicians, 38, 70, 84, 115–16, 138, 140, 142; and black lung activism, 159; in Colonial Army, 53–54; and homosexuality, 104–5; and professionalization, 66, 68; and scientific racism, 57–58, 62–63, 91–92; and trachoma treatment, 124

Pinn, Robert A., 81, 84, 86

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), 7

Polio, 137–41, 147, 162, 171

Poor laws, 22, 34–35

Popular culture, 9, 100–101, 143–45, 164, 181

Pregnancy, 27–30, 62, 70, 112

Psychological disabilities: and African Americans, 57, 91–92, 93, 122–23; and census, 64; and citizenship, 51, 76; cure of, 68, 70; and European colonists, 20, 22, 25–26, 31–34, 36–39; and First Nations, 5, 69, 72–73, 119–23; and homosexuality, 104, 114; and institutions, 69–70, 92, 102, 118, 119–23, 144; and legal frameworks, 69, 113, 114, 115; and war, 80, 84.
See also
lunacy

Puritans, 20–21, 26–30

Race, xii, xiii, 47, 159, 166, 167, 180, 182; and able-bodiedness, 12, 27, 52; and citizenship, 50, 80, 88, 129; and disability intersections, xiv, xviii, 86, 154–55, 177; and gender, 86–87, 90, 94; and immigration, 105, 109; scientific racism, 57–58, 63, 66, 91; and U.S. census, 63–64.
See
individual racial communities

Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, 128

Rehabilitation, 128, 133, 138–40, 150–54, 167, 174

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 165–66, 176

Religion, 166, 169; Christianity, 67, 96, 143, 173, 176; First Nations, 2, 4, 121; Judaism, 107–8, 154; Puritanism, 21, 26, 28–30

Revolutionary War Pension Act of 1818, 54, 66

Rhode Island, 22, 25, 29, 32, 35, 37, 47, 55, 76

Roberts, Edward, 162–63, 168

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 131–32, 141, 145

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 131–32, 135, 139–40, 146–47

Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation, 139–41

Scarlet fever, 18

Section 504 protests, 168–69, 177

Séguin, Edouard, 71

Senecas, 1

Sexual abuse, 23–25, 44, 59, 112, 121, 177–78

Sexuality, 80, 103, 109–10, 112–13, 117, 129, 163, 177.
See also
homosexuality

Sign language, 8, 14–15, 67, 96–97, 121, 134.
See also
American Sign Language (ASL); Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)

Sims, James Marion, 62–63

Slavery, 12, 15–17, 19, 39, 41–47, 50, 55–64, 76, 91, 93, 96; and reproduction, 62; and slave trade, 15–17, 41–47, 61

Smallpox, 15–17, 39–40, 65

Smith, Alice, 110–13, 116–17

Smith–Fess Act, 150

Social Security Act, 137

Society for Crippled Children.
See
Easter Seals

South Carolina, 16, 46, 61, 92, 154

South Dakota, 120–24

Sowell, James William, 98

Spirituality.
See
religion

Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, 105–6

St. Elizabeth’s Hospital (Washington, DC), 92, 122

Sterilization, 100–102, 110–13, 116–17, 119, 129, 131

Stigma, 85, 97, 118, 133, 142, 154, 155; and First Nations, 3–5, 10, 41; and Erving Goffman, 162; and posttraumatic stress, 83

Strachan, Paul, 150, 152–53

Stratton, Charles, 90

Stuttering, 1, 59; and Cotton Mather, 26, 30, 39

Suffrage, 52, 116, 161

Sullivan, Anne, 68

Taft State Hospital, 92

TenBroek, Jacobus, 162

Ten Days in a Madhouse
(Bly), 144

Tennessee, 92, 141, 157

Texas, 40, 132, 137, 166

Tiegel, Agatha, 95–98

Tongva, 65

Truth, Sojourner, 59

Tuberculosis, 91

Tuskegee Institute, 141

Twain, Mark, 119

Ugly laws, 89

Unemployment, 134–36, 146–47, 163, 183

Unions, 151–52, 155, 157–60, 176–77

United Cerebral Palsy, 169

United Handicapped Federation, 172–79

United Mine Workers of America, 157–60

Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine
, 52

University of California, Berkeley, 162–63, 168

Urbanization, 51, 88–89, 98, 101

US Department of Education, 172

US Public Health Service, 105, 108

US Supreme Court, 101, 117, 131, 141, 181

Vásquez de Coronado, Francisco, 14

Vermont, 25

Veterans, 21, 77, 94, 129, 151, 154, 161.
See also
individual armed conflicts and wars

Vietnam War, 166

Vining, Richard, 54

Virginia, 16, 59, 76, 137; and Civil War, 79, 82, 84, 92; colonial, 13, 21; and institutionalization, 37, 117, 137

Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-minded, 117

Virginia State School for Colored Deaf and Blind, 137

Voting rights, 76, 141

Warren, Lavinia, 90

Washington, DC, 92, 122–23, 168

Washington, George, 76–77

Wesley, John, 39

Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, 95

Western State Lunatic Asylum, 84

West Virginia, 92, 157–59

Williams, Henry, 133

Winthrop, John, 25, 28–30

Wisconsin, 76, 87, 124, 126, 163–64

Woodhull, Victoria, 72

Works Progress Administration (WPA), 133–36

World Association to Remove Prejudice against the Handicapped (WARPATH), 167

World War I, 127–28, 131, 150, 158, 166

World War II, 133, 144–50, 152–53, 155, 174; and rationing, 146–47

Wright, Frank Leon, 145

Yankton Sioux, 121

Zola, Irving Kenneth, 162

BEACON PRESS
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Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892
www.beacon.org

Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.

© 2012 by Kim E. Nielsen
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

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Beacon Press’s ReVisioning American History series consists of accessibly written books by notable scholars that reconstruct and reinterpret U.S. history from diverse perspectives.

The poem “Disabled Country” is printed here with permission of the author.

This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the uncoated paper ANSI/NISO specifications for permanence as revised in 1992.

Text design and composition by Kim Arney

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nielsen, Kim E.
A disability history of the United States / Kim E. Nielsen.
p. cm. — (Revisioning American history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN: 978-0-8070-2203-0
ISBN 978-0-8070-2202-3 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. People with disabilities—United States--History. 2. Sociology of disability—United States—History. 3. People with disabilities—Legal status, laws, etc.—United States—History. I. Title.
HV1553.N54 2012

362.40973—dc23              2012014236