At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (62 page)

12.
OED
, s.v. “privacy,” “private” (also “privy” and “privity”);
The Bastard
(London, 1652), 71;
Herbert’s Devotions
... (London, 1657), 217; Flaherty,
Privacy
, 1–13; Ronald Huebert, “Privacy: The Early Social History of a Word,”
Sewanee Review
, 105 (1997), 21–38.

13.
Frederick J. Furnivall, ed.,
Philip Stubbes’s Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakespeare’s Youth,
a.d.
1583
(London, 1877), I, 329; Natalie Zemon Davis,
Society and Culture in Early Modern France
(Stanford, Calif., 1975), 97–123; Maria José del Rio, “Carnival, the World Upside Down,” in Robert Muchembled et al.,
Popular Culture
(Danbury, Ct., 1994), 83–84.

14.
Harrison,
Description
, 36; David Cressy,
Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England
(London, 1989), passim; Griffiths,
Youth
, 156–158; Burke,
Popular Culture
, 194–196.

15.
Richard Lassels,
An Italian Voyage .
. . (London, 1698), II, 118; Iain Cameron,
Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790
(Cambridge, 1981), 197–198; David Chambers and Trevor Dean,
Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 20. See also Donald E. Crawford, ed.,
Journals of Sir John Lauder
(Edinburgh, 1900), 118; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 200–201.

16.
The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse . . .
(London, 1708), III, 114;
The Poems of the Late Christopher Smart
... (London, 1790), II, 9; Charles Gildon,
The Post-Boy Rob’d of His Mail
... (London, 1692), 147; Mr. Dibdin,
The Lamplighter
([London, 1790?]); Kenneth J. Gergen et al., “Deviance in the Dark,”
Psychology Today
7 (1973), 129–130.

17.
Alastair Fowler, ed.,
The New Oxford Book of Seventeenth Century Verse
(Oxford, 1991), 416; Bernard Bailyn, “The Boundaries of History: The Old World and the New,” in
The Dedication of the Casperen Building
... (Providence, 1992), 36;
The London Jilt: or, the Politick Whore
... (London, 1683), Pt. II, 156; Aphra Behn,
Five Plays
... , ed. Maureen Duffy (London, 1990), 35; Dionysius, “Contemplations by Moonlight,”
European Magazine
34 (1798), 307.

18.
Rétif de la Bretonne,
Les Nuits de Paris, ou le Spectateur-Nocturne
, eds. Jean Varloot and Michel Delon (Paris, 1986), 38; Edward Young,
Night Thoughts
, ed. Stephen Cornfield (Cambridge, 1989), 122; Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle,
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
, trans. H. A. Hargreaves (Berkeley, Calif., 1990), 10; J. W. Goethe,
Italian Journey, 1786–1788
(New York, 1968), 182; Lewis, Diary, 161.

CHAPTER SIX

1.
Mill,
A Nights Search: Discovering the Nature and Condition of all Sorts of Night-Walkers
... (London, 1639).

2.
John 9:4;
Paroimiographia
(Spanish), 22; Georgina F. Jackson, comp.,
Shropshire Word-Book
... (London, 1879), 38; Grose,
Dictionary
.

3.
Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum,
History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders
, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 293, 235, 246; Torriano,
Proverbi
, 171; Verdon,
Night
, 110–112; Monica Chojnacka and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds.,
Ages of Woman, Ages of Man: Sources in European Social History, 1400–1750
(London, 2002), 159; Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 122; Henri Hauser,
Ouvriers du Temps Passé XVe–XVIe Siècles
(Paris, 1927), 82–83.

4.
Dohrn-van Rossum,
History of the Hour
, trans. Dunlap, 311–312, 294; G. C. Coulton, ed.,
Life in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1929), 99; Hauser,
Ouvriers
, 82–85; Silvia Mantini, “Per Un’Immagine Della Notte,”
Archivio Storico Italino
4 (1985), 578–579; Maurice Bouteloup, “Le Travail de Nuit dans la Boulangerie” (Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris, 1909), 2.

5.
Jan. 13, 1573, I. H. Van Eeghen, ed.,
Dagboek Van Broeder Wouter Jacobsz (Gaultherus Jacobi Masius Prior Van Stein: Amsterdam, 1572–1578, En Montfoort, 1578–1579)
(Gronningen, Neth., 1959), I, 134; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power, eds.,
Tudor Economic Documents: Being Select Documents Illustrating the Economic and Social History of Tudor England
(London, 1953), I, 342; Pierre Goubert,
The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century
, trans. Ian Patterson (Cambridge, 1986), 100; Helen Simpson, ed. and trans.,
The Waiting City: Paris 1782–88
... (Philadelphia, 1933), 75.

6.
Anthony Horneck,
The Happy Ascetick, or, the Best Exercise
([London], 1680), 409; Torriano,
Proverbi
, 104; Erskine Beveridge, comp., and J. D. Westwood, ed.,
Fegusson’s Scottish Proverbs from the Original Print of 1641
... (Edinburgh, 1924), 266.

7.
Burkitt,
The Poor Man’s Help
... (London, 1694), 16.

8.
Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,”
PP
38 (1967), 73, 56–97, passim.

9.
“John Dane’s Narrative,”
New England Historical and Geneological Register
8 (1854), 150;
ECR
, II, 150; Ménétra,
Journal
, 32–33;
OBP
, Sept. 7, 1722.

10.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 169; Thomas Dekker,
The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London
, ed. H.F.B. Brett-Smith, ed. (New York, 1922), 30;
OBP
, Feb. 2–Mar. 2, 1765, 120; John Clayton,
Friendly Advice to the Poor
... (Manchester, 1755), 37; Franco Sacchetti,
Tales from Sacchetti
, trans. Mary G. Steegmann (1908; rpt. edn., Westport, Ct., 1978), 231.

11.
Gaetano Zompini,
Le Arti Che Vanno per Via Nella Città di Venezia
(Venice, 1785), plate 15, passim; Max J. Okenfuss, trans.,
The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoi: A Muscovite in Early Modern Europe
(DeKalb, Ill., 1987), 301; Marybeth Carlson, “Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 158; Tim Meldrum,
Domestic Service and Gender, 1660–1750: Life and Work in the London Household
(Harlow, Eng., 2000), 150–51;
OBP
, Oct. 12, 1726, 3; Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline,” 60; Legg,
Low-Life
, 10; Restif de la Bretonne,
Oeuvres
(Geneva, 1971), II, 148–149.

12.
Mar. 25, 1661, Pepys,
Diary
, II, 60; J. W. Goethe,
Italian Journey, 1786–1788
(New York, 1968), Part II, 315;
OED
, s.v. “bunter.”

13.
Beveridge, comp., and Westwood, ed.,
Scottish Proverbs
, 25; Jan. 18, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 34;
A General Description of All Trades
... (London, 1747), 204, passim; John Collinges,
The Weaver Pocket-Book, or, Weaving Spiritualized
... (n.p., 1695), 87; William Howitt,
The Boy’s Country Book
(London, n.d.), 12–13.

14.
Dec. 24, 1660, Pepys,
Diary
, I, 322; Joan Wake and Deborah Champion Webster, eds.,
The Letters of Daniel Eaton to the Third Earl of Cardigan, 1725–1732
(Kettering, Eng., 1971), 72; R. Campbell,
The London Tradesman; Being a Compendius View of All the Trades, Professions, Arts, both Liberal and Mechanic now Practised in the Cities of London and Westminster
(London, 1747), passim;
Description of Trades
, passim.

15.
Steven L. Kaplan,
The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700–1775
(Durham, N.C., 1996), 227, passim; Bouteloup, “Travail de Nuit,” 3–5;
Description of Trades
, 10–11.

16.
Campbell,
London Tradesman
, 264, 332;
OBP
, Jan. 17, 1728, Apr. 24–27, 1745, 104; Apr. 2, 8, 1777, Clement Young Sturge, ed.,
Leaves from the Past: The Diary of John Allen, Sometime Brewer of Wapping
(
1757–1808
) ... (Bristol, 1905), 30, 34.

17.
Celia Fiennes,
The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes, 1685–c.1712
, ed. Christopher Morris (London, 1982), 70; “Speculations,”
PA
, July 15, 1763;
The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis Baron de Pollnitz
... (London, 1739), I, 410; Bouteloup, “Travail de Nuit,” 2;
The Lawes of the Market
(London, 1595).

18.
T. Platter,
Journal
, 46; Woodward, ed.,
Books
, 108; Goubert,
French Peasantry,
trans. Patterson, 140; John Webster,
The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft
... (London, 1677), 299.

19.
Edward Halle,
The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancastre & Yorke
... (n.p., 1548), fo. xli; Sigrid Maurice and Klaus Maurice, “Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16
th
and 17
th
Centuries,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds.,
The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650
(New York, 1980), 149; Moryson,
Itinerary
, I, 22–23; Pinkerton,
Travels
, I, 329.

20.
Margaret Killip,
The Folklore of the Isle of Man
(Totowa, N.J., 1976), 170; Garnet,
Lampen
, 102, 278; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 194, James Orchard Halliwell,
A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words .
. . (London, 1865), II, 924; Robert Greene,
A Quip for an Upstart Courtier
(1594; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1954); George Latimer Apperson,
English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases: A Historical Dictionary
(London, 1929), 78; Paul Mantoux,
The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England
(London, 1952), 77;
LE-P
, Nov. 6, 1760.

21.
Marjorie McIntosh, “The Diversity of Social Capital in English Communities, 1300–1640 (with a Glance at Modern Nigeria),”
JIH
26 (1995), 471; Carol F. Karlsen,
The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England
(New York, 1984), 171; Thomas Tusser,
Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie
, eds. V. Payne and Sidney J. Herrtage (London, 1878), 162; Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 190–191.

22.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 909;
RB
, III, Pt. 1, 302–303; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich,
A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812
(New York, 1990), 210; Stephen Duck,
The Thresher’s Labour
(1736)
and Mary Collier,
The Woman’s Labour (1739)
(rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1985), 15;
Province and Court Records of Maine
(Portland, Maine, 1928), I, 140; Caroline Davidson,
A Woman’s Work is Never Done: A History of Housework in the British Isles, 1650–1950
(London, 1982), 15.

23.
Nov. 20, 1660, Pepys,
Diary
, I, 297; Mary Stower, Dec. 15, 1727, Assi 45/18/15/84;
OBP
, Apr. 28–May 4, 1756, 179; Davidson,
Woman’s Work
, 136–152.

24.
Collier,
Woman’s Labour
, 16; Helen and Keith Kelsall,
Scottish Lifestyle 300 Years Ago: New Light on Edinburgh and Border Families
(Edinburgh, 1986), 97; Timothy J. Casey, ed.,
Jean Paul: A Reader
, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 339;
SAS,
XIV, 320, XV, 125; Richard Harvey, “The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women,”
Exemplaria
5 (1993), 418–419.

25.
OBP
, Dec. 3, 1729, 6; “Extract of a Letter from Edinburgh, dated June 27,”
SJC
, July 6, 1769; Catherine Parker, Jan. 7, 1773, Assi 45/31/1/55;
OBP
, Dec. 7–12, 1763, 2.

26.
Grose,
Dictionary;
Tusser,
Good Husbandrie
, ed. Payne and Herrtage, 58; July 7, 1663, Pepys,
Diary
, IV, 220; Ferdinando Bottarelli,
The New Italian, English and French Pocket-Dictionary
... (London, 1777), III; Gerald Strauss,
Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modern Times
(Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 192; James Clifford, “Some Aspects of London Life in the Mid-18
th
Century,” in Paul Fritz and David Williams, eds.,
City & Society in the 18
th
Century
(Toronto, 1973), 23–34; Burt,
Letters
, I, 25; Susan B. Hanley, “Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan,”
JIH
18 (1987), 1–26.

27.
Donald Lupton,
London and the Countrey Carbonadoed and Quartered into Severall Characters
(1632; rpt. edn. Amsterdam, 1977), 94–96; Kathleen Elizabeth Stuart, “The Boundaries of Honor: ‘Dishonorable People’ in Augsburg, 1500–1800 (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 1993), 171–175; Mar. 5–7, 1799, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 1142–1143; Clifford, “London Life,” 27.